Ester acc inhibitors and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides ester compounds useful as inhibitors of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/259,975, filed on Nov. 25, 2015, theentirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Obesity is a health crisis of epic proportions. The health burden ofobesity, measured by quality-adjusted life-years lost per adult, hassurpassed that of smoking to become the most serious, preventable causeof death. In the US, about 34% of adults have obesity, up from 31% in1999 and about 15% in the years 1960 through 1980. Obesity increases therate of mortality from all causes for both men and women at all ages andin all racial and ethnic groups. Obesity also leads to socialstigmatization and discrimination, which decreases quality of lifedramatically. The chronic diseases that result from obesity cost the USeconomy more than $150 billion in weight-related medical bills eachyear. Furthermore, about half of the obese population, and 25% of thegeneral population, have metabolic syndrome, a condition associated withabdominal obesity, hypertension, increased plasma triglycerides,decreased HDL cholesterol, and insulin resistance, which increases therisk for type-2 diabetes (T2DM), stroke and coronary heart disease.[Harwood, Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 9: 267, 2005].

Diet and exercise, even when used in conjunction with the currentpharmacotherapy, do not provide sustainable weight loss needed forlong-term health benefit. Currently, only a few anti-obesity drugs areapproved in the US, the fat absorption inhibitor orlistat (Xenical®),the 5-HT_(2C) antagonist lorcaserin (Belviq®), and the combinationtherapy phentermine/topiramate (Qsymia®). Unfortunately, poor efficacyand unappealing gastrointestinal side effects limit the use of orlistat.Surgery can be effective but is limited to patients with extremely highbody-bass indices (BMI) and the low throughput of surgery limits theimpact of this modality to about 200 k patients per year. The majorityof obesity drugs in clinical development are designed to reduce caloricintake through central action in the CNS (e.g., anorectics and satietyagents). However, the FDA has taken an unfavorable position againstCNS-active agents, due to their modest efficacy and observed/potentialside-effect profiles.

The continuing and increasing problem of obesity, and the current lackof safe and effective drugs for treating it, highlight the overwhelmingneed for new drugs to treat this condition and its underlying causes.

Another ongoing problem is the lack of antifungal drugs with activityagainst a broad range of fungal pathogens. Often, a given antifungaldrug will have activity against one fungal species but lack activityagainst other, even closely related, species, such as Candida albicans,Candida krusei, and Candida parapsilosis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been found that compounds of this invention, andpharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are effective asinhibitors of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Such compounds have thegeneral formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each variable is as defined and described herein.

Compounds of the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptablecompositions thereof, are useful for treating a variety of diseases,disorders or conditions, associated with regulation of the production oroxidation of fatty acids. Such diseases, disorders, or conditionsinclude those described herein.

Compounds of the present invention, and agriculturally acceptablecompositions thereof, are useful for control of fungal pathogens inagriculture.

Compounds provided by this invention are also useful for the study ofACC enzymes in biological and pathological phenomena; the study ofintracellular signal transduction pathways occurring in lipogenictissues; and the comparative evaluation of new ACC inhibitors or otherregulators of fatty acid levels in vitro or in vivo.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS 1. General Description ofCompounds of the Invention

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein:

-   X is —O—, —S—, or —NR—;-   R¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ aliphatic optionally substituted with 1-4    halogen, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂,    —N(R)C(O)OR, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR,    —OC(O)R, —S(O)R, or —S(O)₂R;-   R² is R^(a);-   each R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R¹⁰ is independently oxo, halogen, —CN, —R^(a),    —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R,    -   —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —OC(O)N(R)₂,        —N(R)S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —S(O)R, or        —S(O)₂R;-   each R is hydrogen or R^(a);-   each R^(a) is independently an optionally substituted group selected    from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially    unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an 8-10 membered    bicyclic aromatic carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered saturated or    partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2    heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur,    a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms    independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10    membered bicyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms    independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;-   L¹ is a covalent bond, a 1-6 membered straight or branched bivalent    hydrocarbon chain, cyclopropylenyl, cyclobutylenyl, or oxetanylenyl;-   L² is a covalent bond or a 1-6 membered straight or branched    bivalent hydrocarbon chain, wherein L² is substituted by n instances    of R⁹;-   R³ is —OR, —C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)OR, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —C(O)NH₂,    —C(O)NHR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, or —C(O)Hy;-   Hy is a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic    heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from    nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered monocyclic    heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected    from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic    heteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected    from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein Hy is substituted by p    instances of R⁶;-   R⁴ is selected from a 3-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partially    unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered monocyclic saturated or    partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms    independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl, an    8-10 membered bicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic    heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from    nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and an 8-10 membered bicyclic    heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from    nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein R⁴ is substituted by q    instances of R⁷;-   each R⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₄ aliphatic, a    3-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated    carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partially    unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently    selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl, an 8-10 membered    bicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having    1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or    sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4    heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur,    wherein each R⁵ is substituted with r instances of R⁸;-   each R⁹ is independently R¹⁰ or —OR⁵;-   n is 0, 1, or 2;-   p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;-   q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and-   r is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

2. Compounds and Definitions

Compounds of this invention include those described generally above, andare further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and speciesdisclosed herein. As used herein, the following definitions shall applyunless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this invention, the chemicalelements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of theElements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75^(th) Ed.Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in“Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books,Sausalito: 1999, and “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5^(th) Ed.,Ed.: Smith, M. B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, theentire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group”, as used herein, means astraight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, substituted orunsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or thatcontains one or more units of unsaturation, or a monocyclic hydrocarbonor bicyclic hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that containsone or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (alsoreferred to herein as “carbocycle,” “cycloaliphatic” or “cycloalkyl”),that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule.Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 aliphaticcarbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-5aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groupscontain 1-3 aliphatic carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments,aliphatic groups contain 1-2 aliphatic carbon atoms. In someembodiments, “cycloaliphatic” (or “carbocycle” or “cycloalkyl”) refersto a monocyclic C₃-C₆ hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or thatcontains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic,that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule.Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear orbranched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groupsand hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or(cycloalkyl)alkenyl.

The term “lower alkyl” refers to a C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkylgroup. Exemplary lower alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.

The term “lower haloalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkylgroup that is substituted with one or more halogen atoms.

The term “heteroatom” means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen,phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen,sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of any basicnitrogen or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, forexample N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) orNR⁺ (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl)).

The term “unsaturated,” as used herein, means that a moiety has one ormore units of unsaturation.

As used herein, the term “bivalent C₁₋₈ (or C₁₋₆) saturated orunsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain”, refers tobivalent alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene chains that are straightor branched as defined herein.

The term “alkylene” refers to a bivalent alkyl group. An “alkylenechain” is a polymethylene group, i.e., —(CH₂)_(n)—, wherein n is apositive integer, preferably from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from1 to 2, or from 2 to 3. A substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylenegroup in which one or more methylene hydrogen atoms are replaced with asubstituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for asubstituted aliphatic group.

The term “alkenylene” refers to a bivalent alkenyl group. A substitutedalkenylene chain is a polymethylene group containing at least one doublebond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with asubstituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for asubstituted aliphatic group.

The term “halogen” means F, Cl, Br, or I.

The term “aryl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in“aralkyl,” “aralkoxy,” or “aryloxyalkyl,” refers to monocyclic orbicyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members,wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein eachring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members. The term “aryl” may beused interchangeably with the term “aryl ring.”

The term “aryl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in“aralkyl,” “aralkoxy,” or “aryloxyalkyl,” refers to monocyclic andbicyclic ring systems having a total of five to 10 ring members, whereinat least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in thesystem contains three to seven ring members. The term “aryl” may be usedinterchangeably with the term “aryl ring”. In certain embodiments of thepresent invention, “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring system whichincludes, but not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl andthe like, which may bear one or more substituents. Also included withinthe scope of the term “aryl,” as it is used herein, is a group in whichan aromatic ring is fused to one or more non-aromatic rings, such asindanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, ortetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.

The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-,” used alone or as part of alarger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl,” or “heteroaralkoxy,” refer togroups having 5 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, or 9 ring atoms;having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, inaddition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms. Heteroarylgroups include, without limitation, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl,imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl,oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl,pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl,naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl. The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-”,as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring isfused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, wherethe radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring.Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl,benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl,quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl,quinoxalinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl,phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and pyrido[2,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-3(4H)-one. Aheteroaryl group may be mono- or bicyclic. The term “heteroaryl” may beused interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring,” “heteroarylgroup,” or “heteroaromatic,” any of which terms include rings that areoptionally substituted. The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkylgroup substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroarylportions independently are optionally substituted.

As used herein, the terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclicradical,” and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer toa stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or 7-10-membered bicyclicheterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated,and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably one tofour, heteroatoms, as defined above. When used in reference to a ringatom of a heterocycle, the term “nitrogen” includes a substitutednitrogen. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ringhaving 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, thenitrogen may be N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as inpyrrolidinyl), or ⁺NR (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl).

A heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at anyheteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any ofthe ring atoms can be optionally substituted. Examples of such saturatedor partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, withoutlimitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl pyrrolidinyl,piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl,decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl,diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, and quinuclidinyl. Theterms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclyl ring,” “heterocyclicgroup,” “heterocyclic moiety,” and “heterocyclic radical,” are usedinterchangeably herein, and also include groups in which a heterocyclylring is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic rings,such as indolinyl, 3H-indolyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, ortetrahydroquinolinyl, where the radical or point of attachment is on theheterocyclyl ring. A heterocyclyl group may be mono- or bicyclic. Theterm “heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by aheterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independentlyare optionally substituted.

As used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a ring moietythat includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partiallyunsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites ofunsaturation, but is not intended to include aryl or heteroarylmoieties, as herein defined.

As described herein, compounds of the invention may contain “optionallysubstituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted,” whetherpreceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or morehydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitablesubstituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted”group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position ofthe group, and when more than one position in any given structure may besubstituted with more than one substituent selected from a specifiedgroup, the substituent may be either the same or different at everyposition. Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention arepreferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemicallyfeasible compounds. The term “stable,” as used herein, refers tocompounds that are not substantially altered when subjected toconditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certainembodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more ofthe purposes disclosed herein.

Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an“optionally substituted” group are independently halogen;—(CH₂)₀₋₄R^(o); —(CH₂)₀₋₄OR^(o); —O(CH₂)₀₋₄R^(o), —O—(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OR^(o);—(CH₂)₀₋₄CH(OR^(o))₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄SR^(o); —(CH₂)₀₋₄Ph, which may besubstituted with R^(o); —(CH₂)₀₋₄O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph which may be substitutedwith R^(o); —CH═CHPh, which may be substituted with R^(o);—(CH₂)₀₋₄O(CH₂)₀₋₁-pyridyl which may be substituted with R^(o); —NO₂;—CN; —N₃; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(o))₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(o))C(O)R^(o);—N(R^(o))C(S)R^(o); —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R)C(O)NR^(o) ₂; —N(R^(o))C(S)NR^(o) ₂;—(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(o))C(O)OR^(o); —N(R^(o))N(R^(o))C(O)R^(o);—N(R^(o))N(R^(o))C(O)NR^(o) ₂; —N(R^(o))N(R^(o))C(O)OR^(o);—(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)R^(o); —C(S)R^(o); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OR^(o);—(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)SR^(o); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OSiR^(o) ₃; —(CH₂)₀₋₄OC(O)R^(o);—OC(O)(CH₂)₀₋₄SR^(o)—; —(CH₂)₀₋₄SC(O)R^(o); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)NR^(o) ₂;—C(S)NR^(o) ₂; —C(S)SR^(o); —SC(S)SR^(o), —(CH₂)₀₋₄OC(O)NR^(o) ₂;—C(O)N(OR^(o))R^(o); —C(O)C(O)R^(o); —C(O)CH₂C(O)R^(o);—C(NOR^(o))R^(o); —(CH₂)₀₋₄SSR^(o); —(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)₂R^(o);—(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)₂OR^(o); —(CH₂)₀₋₄OS(O)₂R^(o); —S(O)₂NR^(o) ₂;—(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)R^(o); —N(R^(o))S(O)₂NR^(o) ₂; —N(R^(o))S(O)₂R^(o);—N(OR^(o))R^(o); —C(NH)NR^(o) ₂; —P(O)₂R^(o); —P(O)R^(o) ₂; —OP(O)R^(o)₂; —OP(O)(OR^(o))₂; SiR^(o) ₃; —(C₁₋₄ straight or branchedalkylene)O—N(R^(o))₂; or —(C₁₋₄ straight or branchedalkylene)C(O)O—N(R^(o))₂, wherein each R^(o) may be substituted asdefined below and is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph,—O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, —CH₂-(5-6 membered heteroaryl ring), or a 5-6-memberedsaturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or,notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences ofR^(o), taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- orbicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below.

Suitable monovalent substituents on R^(o) (or the ring formed by takingtwo independent occurrences of R^(o) together with their interveningatoms), are independently halogen, —(CH₂)O₂R^(), -(haloR^()),—(CH₂)₀₋₂OH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂OR^(), —(CH₂)₀₋₂CH(OR^())₂, —O(haloR^()), —CN,—N₃, —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)R^(), —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)OH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)OR^(),—(CH₂)₀₋₂SR^(), —(CH₂)₀₋₂SH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NH₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHR^(),—(CH₂)₀₋₂NR^() ₂, —NO₂, —SiR^() ₃, —OSiR^() ₃, —C(O)SR^(), —(C₁₋₄straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR^(), or —SSR^(); wherein eachR^() is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted onlywith one or more halogens, and is independently selected from C₁₋₄aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partiallyunsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on asaturated carbon atom of R^() include ═O and ═S.

Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an“optionally substituted” group include the following: ═O, ═S, ═NNR*₂,═NNHC(O)R*, ═NNHC(O)OR*, ═NNHS(O)₂R*, ═NR*, ═NOR*, —O(C(R*₂))₂₋₃O—, or—S(C(R*₂))₂₋₃S—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selectedfrom hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below,or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, oraryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound tovicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” groupinclude: —O(CR*₂)₂₋₃O—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* isselected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which may be substituted asdefined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partiallyunsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R* include halogen,—R^(), -(haloR^()), —OH, —OR^(), —O(haloR^()), —CN, —C(O)OH,—C(O)OR^(), —NH₂, —NHR^(), —NR^() ₂, or —NO₂, wherein each R^() isunsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with oneor more halogens, and is independently C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph,—O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, oraryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionallysubstituted” group include —R^(†), —NR^(†) ₂, —C(O)R^(†), —C(O)OR^(†),—C(O)C(O)R^(†), —C(O)CH₂C(O)R^(†), —S(O)₂R^(†), —S(O)₂NR^(†) ₂,—C(S)NR^(†) ₂, —C(NH)NR^(†) ₂, or —N(R)S(O)₂R^(†); wherein each R^(†) isindependently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which may be substituted asdefined below, unsubstituted —OPh, or an unsubstituted 5-6-memberedsaturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or,notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences ofR^(†), taken together with their intervening atom(s) form anunsubstituted 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or arylmono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R^(†) are independentlyhalogen, —R^(), -(haloR^()), —OH, —OR^(), —O(haloR^()), —CN,—C(O)OH, —C(O)OR^(), —NH₂, —NHR^(), —NR^() ₂, or —NO₂, wherein eachR^() is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted onlywith one or more halogens, and is independently C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph,—O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, oraryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen, or sulfur.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers tothose salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment,suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animalswithout undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, andare commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge etal., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J.Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein byreference. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of thisinvention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organicacids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acidaddition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acidssuch as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuricacid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid,oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid ormalonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ionexchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate,alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate,borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate,cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate,formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate,hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide,2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, laurylsulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate,2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate,pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, pivalate,propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate,p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.

Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkalineearth metal, ammonium and N⁺(C₁₋₄alkyl)₄ salts. Representative alkali oralkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium,magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable saltsinclude, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, andamine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide,carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate and arylsulfonate.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant toinclude all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric(or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and Sconfigurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond isomers,and Z and E conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemicalisomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (orconformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scopeof the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of thecompounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention.Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein arealso meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of oneor more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having thepresent structures including the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium ortritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbonare within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are useful, forexample, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or astherapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention.

The phrase “candidal onychomycosis” as used herein refers to a fungalyeast infection of the fingernails and/or toenails caused by a Candidaspp., including for example, Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis.

As used herein, the term “dermatomycosis” refers to a fungal infectionof the skin caused by a dermatophyte.

As used herein, the phrase “fungal infection” refers to any superficialfungal infection, including for example, one or more of a superficialfungal infection of the skin, onychomycosis, and a fungal infection of ahair follicle, each of which is as defined herein. Such fungalinfections can include superficial fungal infections of the skin,including for example, one or more of Tinea cruris, Tinea corporis,interdigital Tinea pedis, moccasin-type Tinea pedis, Tinea manuum, Tineaversicolor (pityriasis), Tinea nigra, cutaneous candidiasis, Tineafaciei, and white and black piedra; fungal infections of the hairfollicle including one or more of Tinea capitis, Tinea Favose (favus),and Tinea barbae; and onychomycosis, a fungal infection of one or moreof the nail bed, matrix, and nail plate, caused by, for example,dermatophytes, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte molds.

As used herein, the phrase “fungal infection of the hair follicle”refers to a fungal infection of at least the tubular infolding of theepidermis (skin) containing the root of a hair of any one or more of thescalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, and bearded area of an individual. Thephrase “fungal infection of the hair follicle” also refers to a fungalinfection of the tubular infolding of the epidermis (skin) containingthe root of a hair of any one or more of the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes,and bearded area, along with a fungal infection of the hair shaft, of anindividual. Such fungal infections can include, for example, one or moreof Tinea capitis, Tinea favosa, and Tinea Barbae. The term “hairfollicle” refers to a tubular infolding of the epidermis (skin)containing the root of a hair. The follicle is lined by cells derivedfrom the epidermal layer of the skin. Tinea capitis (or severehighly-inflammatory cases sometimes termed Kerion) is a superficialfungal infection (dermatophytosis) of the skin of the scalp, eyebrows,and eyelashes, that attacks the hair follicles and shaft. The disease isprimarily caused by dermatophytes in the Trichophyton and Microsporumgenera, including for example, Microsporum audouini, Microsporum canis,Microsporum distortum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton megninii,Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophytonschoenleinii, Trichophyton tonsurans, and Trichophyton verrucosum. Theclinical presentation is typically a single or multiple patches of hairloss, sometimes with a ‘black dot’ pattern (often with broken-offhairs), that may be accompanied by inflammation, scaling, pustules, anditching. Tinea favosa can be considered a variety of Tinea capitisbecause it involves the scalp; however, it may also involve glabrousskin and nails. Tinea favosa is primarily caused by dermatophytes in theTrichophyton and Microsporum genera, including for example, Microsporumgypseum and Trichophyton schoenleinii. Tinea barbae is a superficialdermatophytosis that is limited to the bearded areas of the face, neck,chin, cheeks, and/or lips and occurs almost exclusively in olderadolescent and adult males. The clinical presentation of Tinea barbaeincludes inflammatory, deep, kerion-like plaques and non-inflammatorysuperficial patches resembling Tinea corporis or bacterial folliculitis.The mechanism that causes Tinea barbae is similar to that of Tineacapitis, and is frequently the result of a Trichophyton rubrum (T.rubrum) infection but may also be the result of Trichophytonmentagrophytes var granulosum and Trichophyton verrucosum. FinallyMicrosporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var erinacei have beenknown to cause Tinea barbae but are relatively rare.

As used herein, the term “infection” refers to the invasion, developmentand/or multiplication of a microorganism within or on another organism.An infection may be localized to a specific region of an organism orsystemic.

The term “onychomycosis” as used herein refers to a fungal infection ofthe nail bed, matrix, and/or nail plate. Onychomycosis is caused bythree main classes of fungi: dermatophytes, yeasts (candidalonychomycosis), and non-dermatophyte molds. Dermatophytes are the mostcommon cause of onychomycosis. Onychomycosis caused by non-dermatophytemolds is becoming more common worldwide. Onychomycosis due to Candida isless common. Dermatophytes that can cause onychomycosis include one ormore of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale, Epidermophytonfloccosum, Trichophyton violaceum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophytontonsurans, Trichophyton soudanense, and Trichophyton verrucosum, andsuch disease is often also referred to as Tinea ungium. Candidalonychomycosis include cutaneous candidisis and mucocutaneous candidiasisthat are caused by one or more Candida species, including for example,Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Non-dermatophyte molds thatcan cause onychomycosis can include one or more of, for example,Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., Alternaria,Acremonium, Scytalidinum dimidiatum, and Scytalidinium hyalinum. Thereare four classic types of onychomycosis including the following: distaland lateral subungal onychomycosis (DLSO) that is the most common formof onychomycosis, and is usually caused by Trichophyton rubrum and/orTrichophyton interdigitale, which invades the nail bed and the undersideof the nail plate; white superficial onychomycosis (WSO) is caused byfungal (e.g., T. mentagrophytes) invasion of the superficial layers ofthe nail plate to form “white islands” on the plate, non-dermatophytemolds cause deep white superficial onychomycosis; proximal subungalonychomycosis (PSO) is fungal penetration of the newly formed nail platethrough the proximal nail fold and it is the least common form ofonychomycosis in healthy people, but is found more commonly when thepatient is immunocompromised; endonyx onychomycosis (EO), and candidalonychomycosis (CO) which is Candida species invasion of the fingernails.

As used herein, the term “superficial fungal infection of the skin”refers to a fungal infection present on the outer layer of skin,including Tinea cruris (jock itch), Tinea corporis (ringworm), Tineapedis, interdigital Tinea pedis, moccasin-type Tinea pedis, Tineamanuum, Tinea versicolor (piyriasis), Tinea nigra, cutaneouscandidiasis, Tinea faciei (facial ringworm), and white and black piedra.Tinea corporis (body ringworm), Tinea cruris (jock itch), and Tineafaciei (facial ringworm), can be caused by Epidermophyton floccosum,Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans,T. verrucosum, and/or T. violaceum. Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) orTinea manuum (fungal infection of the hand), are caused byEpidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Trichophytonmentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, T verrucosum, and/or T.violaceum. Cutaneous candidiasis can be caused by C. albicans.

3. Description of Exemplary Embodiments

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein:

-   X is —O—, —S—, or —NR—;-   R¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ aliphatic optionally substituted with 1-4    halogen, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂,    —N(R)C(O)OR, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR,    —OC(O)R, —S(O)R, or —S(O)₂R;-   R² is R^(a);-   each R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ is independently oxo, halogen, —CN, —R^(a), —OR,    —SR, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR,    —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R,    —S(O)R, or —S(O)₂R;-   each R is independently hydrogen or R^(a);-   each R^(a) is independently an optionally substituted group selected    from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially    unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an 8-10 membered    bicyclic aromatic carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered saturated or    partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2    heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur,    a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms    independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10    membered bicyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms    independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur;-   L¹ is a covalent bond, a 1-6 membered straight or branched bivalent    hydrocarbon chain, cyclopropylenyl, cyclobutylenyl, or oxetanylenyl;-   L² is a covalent bond or a 1-6 membered straight or branched    bivalent hydrocarbon chain, wherein L² is substituted by n instances    of R⁹;-   R³ is —OR, —C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)OR, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —C(O)NH₂,    —C(O)NHR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, or —C(O)Hy;-   Hy is a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic    heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from    nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered monocyclic    heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected    from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic    heteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected    from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein Hy is substituted by p    instances of R⁶;-   R⁴ is selected from a 3-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partially    unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered monocyclic saturated or    partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms    independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl, an    8-10 membered bicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic    heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from    nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and an 8-10 membered bicyclic    heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from    nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein R⁴ is substituted by q    instances of R⁷;-   each R⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₄ aliphatic, a    3-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated    carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partially    unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently    selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl, an 8-10 membered    bicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having    1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or    sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4    heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur,    wherein each R⁵ is substituted with r instances of R⁸;-   each R⁹ is independently oxo or —OR⁵;-   n is 0, 1, or 2;-   p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;-   q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and-   r is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

As defined generally above, X is —O—, —S—, or —N(R)—. In someembodiments, X is —O—. In some embodiments, X is —S—. In someembodiments, X is —N(R)—.

As defined generally above, R¹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ aliphatic optionallysubstituted with 1-4 halogen, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)N(R)₂,—N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂,—C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —S(O)R, or —S(O)₂R.

In some embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R¹ is C₁₋₄aliphatic optionally substituted with 1-4 halogen. In some embodiments,R¹ is —OR. In some embodiments, R¹ is —SR. In some embodiments, R¹ is—N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —N(R)C(O)R. In some embodiments, R¹is —C(O)N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂. In someembodiments, R¹ is —N(R)C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R¹ is —OC(O)N(R)₂.In some embodiments, R¹ is —N(R)S(O)₂R. In some embodiments, R¹ is—S(O)₂N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —C(O)R. In some embodiments, R¹is —C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R¹ is —OC(O)R. In some embodiments, R¹is —S(O)R. In some embodiments, R¹ is —S(O)₂R.

In some embodiments, R¹ is methyl.

As defined generally above, R² is R^(a). In some embodiments, R² isoptionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic. In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₆alkyl. In some embodiments, R² is ethyl. In some embodiments, R² ismethyl. In some embodiments, R² is propyl. In some embodiments, R² isisopropyl.

As defined generally above, R⁶ is oxo, halogen, —CN, —R^(a), —OR, —SR,—N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR,—OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —S(O)R,or —S(O)₂R.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is oxo. In some embodiments, R⁶ is halogen. Insome embodiments, R⁶ is —CN. In some embodiments, R⁶ is —R^(a). In someembodiments, R⁶ is —OR. In some embodiments, R⁶ is —SR. In someembodiments, R⁶ is —N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁶ is —N(R)C(O)R. Insome embodiments, R⁶ is —C(O)N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁶ is—N(R)C(O)N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁶ is —N(R)C(O)OR. In someembodiments, R⁶ is —OC(O)N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁶ is —N(R)S(O)₂R.In some embodiments, R⁶ is —S(O)₂N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁶ is—C(O)R. In some embodiments, R⁶ is —C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R⁶ is—OC(O)R. In some embodiments, R⁶ is —S(O)R. In some embodiments, R⁶ is—S(O)₂R. In some embodiments, R⁶ is C₁₋₄ aliphatic optionallysubstituted with one or more halogen, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R,—C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R,—S(O)₂N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —S(O)R, or —S(O)₂R.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is hydroxyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is selected from those depicted in Table 1,below.

As defined generally above, R⁷ is oxo, halogen, —CN, —R^(a), —OR, —SR,—N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR,—OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —S(O)R,or —S(O)₂R.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is oxo. In some embodiments, R⁷ is halogen. Insome embodiments, R⁷ is —CN. In some embodiments, R⁷ is —R^(a). In someembodiments, R⁷ is —OR. In some embodiments, R⁷ is —SR. In someembodiments, R⁷ is —N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁷ is —N(R)C(O)R. Insome embodiments, R⁷ is —C(O)N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁷ is—N(R)C(O)N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁷ is —N(R)C(O)OR. In someembodiments, R⁷ is —OC(O)N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁷ is —N(R)S(O)₂R.In some embodiments, R⁷ is —S(O)₂N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁷ is—C(O)R. In some embodiments, R⁷ is —C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R⁷ is—OC(O)R. In some embodiments, R⁷ is —S(O)R. In some embodiments, R⁷ is—S(O)₂R. In some embodiments, R⁷ is C₁₋₄ aliphatic optionallysubstituted with one or more halogen, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R,—C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R,—S(O)₂N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —S(O)R, or —S(O)₂R.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is fluoro. In some embodiments, R⁷ is methoxyl.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is selected from those depicted in Table 1,below.

As defined generally above, R⁸ is oxo, halogen, —CN, —R^(a), —OR, —SR,—N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR,—OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —S(O)R,or —S(O)₂R.

In some embodiments, R⁸ is oxo. In some embodiments, R⁸ is halogen. Insome embodiments, R⁸ is —CN. In some embodiments, R⁸ is —R^(a). In someembodiments, R⁸ is —OR. In some embodiments, R⁸ is —SR. In someembodiments, R⁸ is —N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁸ is —N(R)C(O)R. Insome embodiments, R⁸ is —C(O)N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁸ is—N(R)C(O)N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁸ is —N(R)C(O)OR. In someembodiments, R⁸ is —OC(O)N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁸ is —N(R)S(O)₂R.In some embodiments, R⁸ is —S(O)₂N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R⁸ is—C(O)R. In some embodiments, R⁸ is —C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R⁸ is—OC(O)R. In some embodiments, R⁸ is —S(O)R. In some embodiments, R⁸ is—S(O)₂R. In some embodiments, R⁸ is C₁₋₄ aliphatic optionallysubstituted with one or more halogen, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R,—C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R,—S(O)₂N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —S(O)R, or —S(O)₂R.

In some embodiments, R⁸ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R⁸ is oxo. Insome embodiments, R⁸ is methoxyl.

In some embodiments, R⁸ is selected from those depicted in Table 1,below.

As defined generally above, L¹ is a covalent bond, a 1-6 memberedstraight or branched bivalent hydrocarbon chain, cyclopropylenyl,cyclobutylenyl, or oxetanylenyl.

In some embodiments, L¹ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, L¹ is a1-6 membered straight or branched bivalent hydrocarbon chain. In someembodiments, L¹ is cyclopropylenyl. In some embodiments, L iscyclobutylenyl. In some embodiments, L¹ is a oxetanylenyl.

In some embodiments, L¹ is —C(CH₃)₂—. In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH₂—.In some embodiments, L¹ is —CH(CH₃)—. In some embodiments, L¹ is—CH(CH₃)— with (S) configuration at the chiral center. In someembodiments, L¹ is —CH(CH₃)— with an (R) configuration at the chiralcenter.

In some embodiments, L¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 1,below.

As defined generally above, L² is a covalent bond or a 1-6 memberedstraight or branched bivalent hydrocarbon chain; wherein L² issubstituted by n instances of —OR⁵.

In some embodiments, L² is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, L² is a1-6 membered straight or branched bivalent hydrocarbon chain; wherein L²is substituted by n instances of R⁹.

In some embodiments, L² is a 2-membered straight bivalent hydrocarbonchain; wherein L² is substituted by n instances of R⁹. In someembodiments, L² is ethylene, substituted with 1-2 instances of R⁹.

As defined generally above, each R⁹ is independently R¹⁰ or —OR⁵. Insome embodiments, each R⁹ is independently oxo or —OR⁵. In someembodiments, at least one R⁹ is oxo. In some embodiments, at least oneR⁹ is —OR⁵. In some embodiments, R⁹ is R¹⁰. In some embodiments, R¹⁰ isoptionally substituted C₁-C₆ aliphatic.

In some embodiments, L² is —CH₂CH(OR⁵)—. In some embodiments, L² is—CH₂C(O)—.

In some embodiments, L²(R⁹)_(n), taken together, is:

wherein # is the point of attachment to R⁴.

In some embodiments, L² is selected from those depicted in Table 1,below.

As defined generally above, R³ is —OR, —C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)OR,—OC(O)N(R)₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a) ₂, or—C(O)Hy.

In some embodiments, R³ is —C(O)NHR^(a), —C(O)NR^(a) ₂, or —C(O)Hy.

In some embodiments, R³ is —OR. In some embodiments, R³ is —C(O)OR. Insome embodiments, R³ is —C(O)N(R)OR. In some embodiments, R³ is—C(O)NH₂. In some embodiments, R³ is —C(O)NHR^(a). In some embodiments,R³ is —C(O)N(R^(a))₂. In some embodiments, R³ is —C(O)Hy.

In some embodiments, R³ is —C(O)NH₂. In some embodiments, R³ is—C(O)NHR^(a), where R^(a) is optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In someembodiments, R³ is:

In some embodiments, R³ is:

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from those depicted in Table 1,below.

In some embodiments, -L¹-R³, taken together, is:

In some embodiments, -L¹-R³, taken together, is:

In some embodiments, L¹-R³ is selected from those depicted in Table 1,below.

As defined generally above, Hy is a 3-8 membered saturated or partiallyunsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 memberedmonocyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independentlyselected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclicheteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein Hy is substituted by p instances ofR⁶.

In some embodiments, Hy is a 3-8 membered saturated or partiallyunsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein Hy issubstituted by p instances of R⁶. In some embodiments, Hy is a 5-6membered monocyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein Hy issubstituted by p instances of R⁶. In some embodiments, Hy is an 8-10membered bicyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein Hy issubstituted by p instances of R⁶.

In some embodiments, Hy is

In some embodiments, Hy is

In some embodiments, Hy is

In some embodiments, Hy is

In some embodiments, Hy is

In some embodiments, Hy is

In some embodiments, Hy(R⁶)_(p), taken together, is

In some embodiments, Hy is selected from those depicted in Table 1,below.

As defined generally above, R⁴ is a ring selected from a 3-8 memberedmonocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 4-8membered monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ringhaving 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, orsulfur, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6 memberedmonocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and an 8-10 membered bicyclicheteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein R⁴ is substituted by q instances ofR⁷.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is a ring selected from a 3-8 memberedmonocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring; whereinR⁴ is substituted by q instances of R⁷. In some embodiments, R⁴ is a 4-8membered monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ringhaving 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, orsulfur; wherein R⁴ is substituted by q instances of R⁷. In someembodiments, R⁴ is phenyl; wherein R⁴ is substituted by q instances ofR⁷. In some embodiments, R⁴ is an 8-10 membered bicyclic aryl ring;wherein R⁴ is substituted by q instances of R⁷. In some embodiments, R⁴is a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein R⁴ issubstituted by q instances of R⁷. In some embodiments, R⁴ is an 8-10membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independentlyselected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein R⁴ is substituted byq instances of R⁷.

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is,

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is

In some embodiments, R⁴ is selected from those depicted in Table 1,below.

In some embodiments, -L²-R⁴ is selected from the following:

In some embodiments, L²-R⁴ is selected from those depicted in Table 1,below.

As defined generally above, each R⁵ is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₄aliphatic, a 3-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturatedcarbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partiallyunsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independentlyselected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl, an 8-10 memberedbicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, oran 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each R⁵is substituted with r instances of R⁸.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R⁵ is a C₁₋₄aliphatic; wherein each R⁵ is substituted with r instances of R⁸. Insome embodiments, R⁵ is a 3-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partiallyunsaturated carbocyclic ring, wherein each R⁵ is substituted with rinstances of R⁸. In some embodiments, R⁵ is a 4-8 membered monocyclicsaturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur,wherein each R⁵ is substituted with r instances of R⁸. In someembodiments, R⁵ is phenyl, wherein each R⁵ is substituted with rinstances of R⁸. In some embodiments, R⁵ is an 8-10 membered bicyclicaryl ring, wherein each R⁵ is substituted with r instances of R⁸. Insome embodiments, R⁵ is a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur,wherein each R⁵ is substituted with r instances of R⁸. In someembodiments, R⁵ is an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur,wherein each R⁵ is substituted with r instances of R⁸.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is isopropyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is4-tetrahydropyranyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is isobutyl. In someembodiments, R⁵ is cyclohexyl wherein R⁸ is oxo. In some embodiments, R⁵is cyclohexyl wherein R⁸ is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is ethyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is selected from the following:

In some embodiments, R⁵ is selected from those depicted in Table 1,below.

As defined generally above, m is 0-3. In some embodiments, m is 0. Insome embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2. In someembodiments, m is 3.

As defined generally above, n is 0-2. In some embodiments, n is 0. Insome embodiments, n is 1-2. In some embodiments, n is 1. In someembodiments, n is 2.

As defined generally above, p is 0-4. In some embodiments, p is 0. Insome embodiments, p is 1. In some embodiments, p is 2. In someembodiments, p is 3. In some embodiments, p is 4.

As defined generally above, q is 0-5. In some embodiments, q is 0. Insome embodiments, q is 1. In some embodiments, q is 2. In someembodiments, q is 3. In some embodiments, q is 4. In some embodiments, qis 5.

As defined generally above, r is 0-4. In some embodiments, r is 0. Insome embodiments, r is 1. In some embodiments, r is 2. In someembodiments, r is 3. In some embodiments, r is 4.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula I′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R¹, R³, R⁴, L¹, and L² is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormulae II-a or II-b:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R¹, R², R³, R⁵, R⁷, q, and L¹, is as definedabove and described in embodiments herein, both singly and incombination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormulae II-a′ or II-b′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R¹, R³, R⁵, R⁷, q, and L¹, is as defined aboveand described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormulae II-a-i:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(a), R¹, R³, R⁵, R⁷, q, and L¹ is as definedabove and described in embodiments herein, both singly and incombination

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormulae II-a-I′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R¹, R³, R⁵, R⁷, q, and L¹ is as defined aboveand described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormulae III-a, III-b, III-c, or III-d:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R¹, R², R³, R⁵, R⁷, and L¹ is as defined aboveand described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormulae III-a′, III-b′, III-c′, or III-d′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R, R¹, R³, R⁵, and L¹ is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormulae III-a-i, or III-b-i:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R, R¹, R², R³, R⁵, and L¹ is as defined aboveand described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormulae III-a-i′, or III-b-i′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R, R¹, R³, R⁵, and L¹ is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula IV-a, IV-b, IV-c, IV-d, IV-e, or IV-f:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(a), R¹, R², R⁴, and L² is as defined aboveand described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula IV-a′, IV-b′, IV-c′, IV-d′, IV-e′, or IV-f′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(a), R¹, R⁴, and L² is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula IV-b-i, IV-b-ii, IV-e-i, or IV-e-ii:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(a), R¹, R², R⁴, and L² is as defined aboveand described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula IV-b-i′, IV-b-ii′, IV-e-i′, or IV-e-ii′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(a), R¹, R⁴, and L² is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula V-a, V-b, V-c, V-d, V-e, V-f, V-g, V-h, V-i, V-j, V-k, or V-l:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(a), R¹, R², R⁵, R⁷, and q is as definedabove and described in embodiments herein, both singly and incombination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of anyone of formulas V-a, V-b, V-c, V-d, V-e, V-f, V-g, V-h, V-i, V-j, V-k,or V-l, wherein R² is ethyl. In some embodiments, the present inventionprovides a compound of any one of formulas V-a, V-b, V-c, V-d, V-e, V-f,V-g, V-h, V-i, V-j, V-k, or V-l, wherein R¹ is methyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of any one offormulas V-a, V-b, V-c, V-d, V-e, V-f, V-g, V-h, V-i, V-j, V-k, or V-l,wherein R¹ is methyl and R² is ethyl. In some embodiments, the presentinvention provides a compound of any one of formulas V-a, V-b, V-c, V-d,V-e, V-f, V-g, V-h, V-i, V-j, V-k, or V-l, wherein q is 1 or 2. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of any one offormulas V-a, V-b, V-c, V-d, V-e, V-f, V-g, V-h, V-i, V-j, V-k, or V-i,wherein q is 1 or 2, and one R⁷ is —OR or —R^(a).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula V-a′, V-b′, V-c′, V-d′, V-e′, V-f′, V-g′, V-h′, V-i′, V-j′,V-k′, or V-l′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(a), R¹, R⁵, R⁷, and q is as defined aboveand described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula V-c-i, V-c-ii, V-f-i, V-f-ii, V-i-i, V-i-ii, V-l-i, or V-l-ii:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(a), R¹, R², R⁵, R⁷, and q is as definedabove and described in embodiments herein, both singly and incombination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of anyone of formulas V-c-i, V-c-ii, V-f-i, V-f-ii, V-i-i, V-i-ii, V-l-i, orV-l-ii, wherein R² is ethyl. In some embodiments, the present inventionprovides a compound of any one of formulas V-c-i, V-c-ii, V-f-i, V-f-ii,V-i-i, V-i-ii, V-l-i, or V-l-ii, wherein R¹ is methyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of any one offormulas V-c-i, V-c-ii, V-f-i, V-f-ii, V-i-i, V-i-ii, V-l-i, or V-l-ii,wherein R¹ is methyl and R² is ethyl. In some embodiments, the presentinvention provides a compound of any one of formulas V-c-i, V-c-ii,V-f-i, V-f-ii, V-i-i, V-i-ii, V-l-i, or V-l-ii, wherein q is 1 or 2. Insome embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of any oneof formulas V-c-i, V-c-ii, V-f-i, V-f-ii, V-i-i, V-i-ii, V-l-i, orV-l-ii, wherein q is 1 or 2, and one R⁷ is —OR or R^(a).

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VI-a, VI-b, VI-c, VI-d, VI-e, or VI-f:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(a), R¹, R², R⁵, R⁷, and q is as definedabove and described in embodiments herein, both singly and incombination.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VI-c-i, VI-c-ii, VI-f-i, or VI-f-ii:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(a), R¹, R², R⁵, R⁷, and q is as definedabove and described in embodiments herein, both singly and incombination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VI-c-i, VI-c-ii, VI-f-i, or VI-f-ii wherein R² is ethyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formulaVI-c-i, VI-c-ii, VI-f-i, or VI-f-ii wherein R¹ is methyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formulaVI-c-i, VI-c-ii, VI-f-i, or VI-f-ii wherein R¹ is methyl and R² isethyl. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VI-c-i, VI-c-ii, VI-f-i, or VI-f-ii wherein q is 1 or 2. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of formulaVI-c-i, VI-c-ii, VI-f-i, or VI-f-ii wherein q is 1 or 2 and one R⁷ is—OR or —R^(a).

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VII-a, VII-b, VII-c, VII-d, VII-e, or VII-f:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R, R^(a), R¹, R², and R⁵ is as defined aboveand described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VII-a, VII-b, VII-c, VII-d, VII-e, or VII-f, wherein R² isethyl. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VII-a, VII-b, VII-c, VII-d, VII-e, or VII-f, wherein R¹ ismethyl. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compoundof formula VII-a, VII-b, VII-c, VII-d, VII-e, or VII-f, wherein R¹ ismethyl and R² is ethyl.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VII-c-i, VII-c-ii, VII-f-i, or VII-f-ii:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R, R^(a), R¹, R², and R⁵ is as defined aboveand described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VII-c-i, VII-c-ii, VII-f-i, or VII-f-ii wherein R² is ethyl. Incertain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VII-c-i, VII-c-ii, VII-f-i, or VII-f-ii wherein R¹ is methyl. Incertain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VII-c-i, VII-c-ii, VII-f-i, or VII-f-ii wherein R¹ is methyl andR² is ethyl.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VIII-a, VIII-b, VIII-c, VIII-d, VIII-e, or VIII-f:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(a), R¹, R², and R⁵ is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas VIII-a, VIII-b, VIII-c, VIII-d, VIII-e, or VIII-f, wherein R²is ethyl. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compoundof one of formulas VIII-a, VIII-b, VIII-c, VIII-d, VIII-e, or VIII-f,wherein R¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, the present inventionprovides a compound of one of formulas VIII-a, VIII-b, VIII-c, VIII-d,VIII-e, or VIII-f, wherein R¹ is methyl and R² is ethyl.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula VIII-c-i, VIII-c-ii, VIII-f-i, or VIII-f-ii:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R^(a), R¹, R², and R⁵ is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas VIII-c-i, VIII-c-ii, VIII-f-i, or VIII-f-ii wherein R² isethyl. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound ofone of formulas VIII-c-i, VIII-c-ii, VIII-f-i, or VIII-f-ii wherein R¹is methyl. In some embodiments, the present invention provides acompound of one of formulas VIII-c-i, VIII-c-ii, VIII-f-i, or VIII-f-iiwherein R¹ is methyl and R² is ethyl.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula IX-a, IX-b, or IX-c:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R¹, R², R⁴, Hy and L² is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of anyone of formulas IX-a, IX-b, or IX-c wherein R² is ethyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of any one offormulas IX-a, IX-b, or IX-c wherein R¹ is methyl. In some embodiments,the present invention provides a compound of any one of formulas IX-a,IX-b, or IX-c wherein R¹ is methyl and R² is ethyl.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula IX-b-i, or IX-b-ii:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R¹, R², R⁴, and L² is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas IX-b-i, or IX-b-ii wherein R² is ethyl. In some embodiments,the present invention provides a compound of one of formulas IX-b-i, orIX-b-ii wherein R¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, the present inventionprovides a compound of one of formulas IX-b-i, or IX-b-ii wherein R¹ ismethyl and R² is ethyl.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula X-a, X-b, X-c, X-d, X-e, or X-f:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R¹, R², R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, Hy, and q is as definedabove and described in embodiments herein, both singly and incombination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas X-a, X-b, X-c, X-d, X-e, or X-f wherein R² is ethyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas X-a, X-b, X-c, X-d, X-e, or X-f wherein R¹ is methyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas X-a, X-b, X-c, X-d, X-e, or X-f wherein R¹ is methyl and R² isethyl. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound ofone of formulas X-a, X-b, X-c, X-d, X-e, or X-f wherein q is 1 or 2. Insome embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas X-a, X-b, X-c, X-d, X-e, or X-f wherein q is 1 or 2 and one R⁷is —OR or R^(a).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula X-c-i, or X-c-ii:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R¹, R², R⁵, R⁷, Hy, and q is as defined aboveand described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas X-c-i, or X-c-ii wherein R² is ethyl. In some embodiments, thepresent invention provides a compound of one of formulas X-c-i, orX-c-ii wherein R¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, the present inventionprovides a compound of one of formulas X-c-i, or X-c-ii wherein R¹ ismethyl and R² is ethyl. In some embodiments, the present inventionprovides a compound of one of formulas X-c-i, or X-c-ii wherein q is 1or 2. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound ofone of formulas X-c-i, or X-c-ii wherein q is 1 or 2 and one R⁷ is —ORor R^(a).

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula XI-a, XI-b, or XI-c:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R¹, R², R⁵, R⁷, Hy, and q is as defined aboveand described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas XI-a, XI-b, or XI-c wherein R² is ethyl. In some embodiments,the present invention provides a compound of one of formulas XI-a, XI-b,or XI-c wherein R¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, the present inventionprovides a compound of one of formulas XI-a, XI-b, or XI-c wherein R¹ ismethyl and R² is ethyl. In some embodiments, the present inventionprovides a compound of one of formulas XI-a, XI-b, or XI-c wherein q is1 or 2. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compoundof one of formulas XI-a, XI-b, or XI-c wherein q is 1 or 2 and one R⁷ is—OR or R^(a).

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula XI-c-i or XI-c-ii:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R¹, R², R⁵, R⁷, Hy, and q is as defined aboveand described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas XI-c-i, or XI-c-ii wherein R² is ethyl. In some embodiments,the present invention provides a compound of one of formulas XI-c-i, orXI-c-ii c wherein R¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, the presentinvention provides a compound of one of formulas XI-c-i, or XI-c-iiwherein R¹ is methyl and R² is ethyl. In some embodiments, the presentinvention provides a compound of one of formulas XI-c-i, or XI-c-iiwherein q is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, the present invention providesa compound of one of formulas XI-c-i, or XI-c-ii wherein q is 1 or 2 andone R⁷ is —OR or R^(a).

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula XII-a, XII-b, or XII-c:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R, R¹, R², R⁵, and Hy is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas XII-a, XII-b, or XII-c wherein R² is ethyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas XII-a, XII-b, or XII-c wherein R¹ is methyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas XII-a, XII-b, or XII-c wherein R¹ is methyl and R² is ethyl.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula XII-c-i, or XII-c-ii:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R, R¹, R², R⁵, and Hy is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas XII-c-i, or XII-c-ii wherein R² is ethyl. In some embodiments,the present invention provides a compound of one of formulas XII-c-i, orXII-c-ii wherein R¹ is methyl. In some embodiments, the presentinvention provides a compound of one of formulas XII-c-i, or XII-c-iiwherein R¹ is methyl and R² is ethyl.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula XIII-a, XIII-b, and XIII-c:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R, R¹, R², R⁵, and Hy is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas XIII-a, XIII-b, and XIII-c wherein R² is ethyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas XIII-a, XIII-b, and XIII-c wherein R¹ is methyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas XIII-a, XIII-b, and XIII-c wherein R¹ is methyl and R² isethyl.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound offormula XIII-c-i, or XIII-c-ii:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable saltthereof, wherein each of R, R¹, R², R⁵, and Hy is as defined above anddescribed in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas XIII-c-i, or XIII-c-ii wherein R² is ethyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas XIII-c-i, or XIII-c-ii wherein R¹ is methyl. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a compound of one offormulas XIII-c-i, or XIII-c-ii wherein R¹ is methyl and R² is ethyl.

Exemplary compounds of formula I are set forth in Table 1, below:

TABLE 1 Exemplary Compounds of Formula I Cmpd Structure I-1

I-2

I-3

I-4

I-5

I-6

I-7

I-8

I-9

I-10

I-11

I-12

I-13

I-14

I-15

I-16

I-17

I-18

I-19

I-20

I-21

I-22

I-23

I-24

I-25

I-26

I-27

I-28

I-29

I-30

I-31

I-32

I-33

I-34

I-35

I-36

I-37

I-38

I-39

I-40

I-41

I-42

I-43

I-44

I-45

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides any compoundselected from those depicted in Table 1, above, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a compound asdescribed above, wherein the compound is present as a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt. In certain embodiments, the present invention providesa compound as described above, wherein the compound is present as anagriculturally acceptable salt.

4. General Methods for Providing the Present Compounds

The compounds of this invention may be prepared or isolated in generalby synthetic and/or semi-synthetic methods known to those skilled in theart for analogous compounds and by methods described in detail in theExamples, herein.

In the Schemes below, where a particular protecting group (“PG”),leaving group (“LG”), or transformation condition is depicted, one ofordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other protecting groups,leaving groups, and transformation conditions are also suitable and arecontemplated. Such groups and transformations are described in detail inMarch's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, andStructure, M. B. Smith and J. March, 5^(th) Edition, John Wiley & Sons,2001, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, R. C. Larock, 2^(nd)Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, and Protecting Groups in OrganicSynthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley &Sons, 1999, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated hereinby reference.

As used herein, the phrase “leaving group” (LG) includes, but is notlimited to, halogens (e.g. fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide),sulfonates (e.g. mesylate, tosylate, benzenesulfonate, brosylate,nosylate, triflate), diazonium, and the like.

As used herein, the phrase “oxygen protecting group” includes, forexample, carbonyl protecting groups, hydroxyl protecting groups, etc.Hydroxyl protecting groups are well known in the art and include thosedescribed in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W.Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, theentirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Examples ofsuitable hydroxyl protecting groups include, but are not limited to,esters, allyl ethers, ethers, silyl ethers, alkyl ethers, arylalkylethers, and alkoxyalkyl ethers. Examples of such esters includeformates, acetates, carbonates, and sulfonates. Specific examplesinclude formate, benzoyl formate, chloroacetate, trifluoroacetate,methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate,3-phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate, 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate,pivaloate (trimethylacetyl), crotonate, 4-methoxy-crotonate, benzoate,p-benzylbenzoate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate, carbonates such as methyl,9-fluorenylmethyl, ethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl,2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl, vinyl, allyl, and p-nitrobenzyl. Examples ofsuch silyl ethers include trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl,t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, and othertrialkylsilyl ethers. Alkyl ethers include methyl, benzyl,p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, trityl, t-butyl, allyl, andallyloxycarbonyl ethers or derivatives. Alkoxyalkyl ethers includeacetals such as methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl,(2-methoxyethoxy)methyl, benzyloxymethyl,beta-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, and tetrahydropyranyl ethers.Examples of arylalkyl ethers include benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl (MPM),3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, O-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl,2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, and 2- and 4-picolyl.

Amino protecting groups are well known in the art and include thosedescribed in detail in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W.Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, theentirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Suitable aminoprotecting groups include, but are not limited to, aralkylamines,carbamates, cyclic imides, allyl amines, amides, and the like. Examplesof such groups include t-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC), ethyloxycarbonyl,methyloxycarbonyl, trichloroethyloxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc),benzyloxocarbonyl (CBZ), allyl, phthalimide, benzyl (Bn),fluorenylmethylcarbonyl (Fmoc), formyl, acetyl, chloroacetyl,dichloroacetyl, trichloroacetyl, phenylacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzoyl,and the like.

In certain embodiments, compounds of the present invention of formula Iwhere X is —S— are generally prepared according to Scheme I set forthbelow:

In Scheme I above, each of LG, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, L¹, and L² is as definedabove and below and in classes and subclasses as described herein.

In one aspect, the present invention provides methods for preparingcompounds of formula I according to the steps depicted in Scheme I,above. In some embodiments, step S-1 comprises the cyclocondensation ofa beta-keto ester of formula G-1 with ethyl cyanoacetate, therebyforming a thiophene compound of formula G-2.

In some embodiments, step S-2 comprises the acylation of the 2-aminogroup of a compound of formula G-2, thereby forming a compound offormula G-3. In some embodiments, the reagent used is triphosgene. Insome embodiments, the reagent is bis-trichloromethylcarbonate.

In some embodiments, step S-3 comprises the intramolecularcyclocondensation of a compound of formula G-3, thereby forming acompound of formula G-4. In some embodiments, the coupling is a basepromoted. In some embodiments, the base is sodium hydride. In someembodiments, the base is potassium tert-butoxide.

In some embodiments, step S-4 comprises the N-alkylation of a compoundof formula G-4, thereby forming a compound of formula G-5. In someembodiments, LG is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, LG is halogen. In someembodiments LG is bromide. In some embodiments, LG is chloride. In someembodiments, LG is a sulfonate. In some embodiments, the alkylation is aMitsunobu alkylation. In some embodiments, the alkylation is basepromoted. In some embodiments the base is potassium carbonate. In someembodiments the base is cesium carbonate. In some embodiments, thesolvent is a polar aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent isDMF. In some embodiments, the solvent is NMP.

One of skill in the art will appreciate that various functional groupspresent in compounds of the invention such as aliphatic groups,alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, aldehydes, halogens andnitriles can be interconverted by techniques well known in the artincluding, but not limited to reduction, oxidation, esterification,hydrolysis, partial oxidation, partial reduction, halogenation,dehydration, partial hydration, and hydration. See e.g. “March'sAdvanced Organic Chemistry”, 5^(th) Ed., Ed.: Smith, M. B. and March,J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entirety of which isincorporated herein by reference. Such interconversions may require oneor more of the aforementioned techniques, and certain methods forsynthesizing compounds of the invention are described below in theExemplification.

5. Uses, Formulation and Administration and Pharmaceutically AcceptableCompositions

According to another embodiment, the invention provides a compositioncomprising a compound of this invention or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, ester, or salt of ester thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. The amount of compound in compositions ofthis invention is such that is effective to measurably inhibit ACC, in abiological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, the amount ofcompound in compositions of this invention is such that is effective tomeasurably inhibit ACC, in a biological sample or in a patient. Incertain embodiments, a composition of this invention is formulated foradministration to a patient in need of such composition. In someembodiments, a composition of this invention is formulated for oraladministration to a patient.

The term “patient,” as used herein, means an animal, preferably amammal, and most preferably a human.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle”refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does notdestroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it isformulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehiclesthat may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but arenot limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin,serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such asphosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceridemixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts orelectrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate,potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidalsilica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-basedsubstances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose,polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers,polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” means any non-toxic salt,ester, salt of an ester or other derivative of a compound of thisinvention that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable ofproviding, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this inventionor an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof.

As used herein, the term “inhibitorily active metabolite or residuethereof” means that a metabolite or residue thereof is also an inhibitorof ACC.

Compositions of the present invention may be administered orally,parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally,buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term “parenteral”as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular,intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal,intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusiontechniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally,intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of thecompositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension.These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in theart using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectablesolution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent orsolvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among theacceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water,Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition,sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent orsuspending medium.

For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed includingsynthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid andits glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables,as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil orcastor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oilsolutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluentor dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersingagents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceuticallyacceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions. Othercommonly used surfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifyingagents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in themanufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or otherdosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be orallyadministered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but notlimited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In thecase of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly used include lactose andcorn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are alsotypically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, usefuldiluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensionsare required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined withemulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening,flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

Alternatively, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of thisinvention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectaladministration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with asuitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature butliquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum torelease the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax andpolyethylene glycols.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also beadministered topically, especially when the target of treatment includesareas or organs readily accessible by topical application, includingdiseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitabletopical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas ororgans.

Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in arectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enemaformulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.

For topical applications, provided pharmaceutically acceptablecompositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing theactive component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.Carriers for topical administration of compounds of this inventioninclude, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, whitepetrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylenecompound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, providedpharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitablelotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolvedin one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriersinclude, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate,polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol,benzyl alcohol and water.

For ophthalmic use, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositionsmay be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjustedsterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjustedsterile saline, either with or without a preservative such asbenzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, thepharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in anointment such as petrolatum.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also beadministered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions areprepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceuticalformulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzylalcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhancebioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizingor dispersing agents.

Most preferably, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of thisinvention are formulated for oral administration. Such formulations maybe administered with or without food. In some embodiments,pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention areadministered without food. In other embodiments, pharmaceuticallyacceptable compositions of this invention are administered with food.

The amount of compounds of the present invention that may be combinedwith the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosageform will vary depending upon the host treated, the particular mode ofadministration. Preferably, provided compositions should be formulatedso that a dosage of between 0.01-100 mg/kg body weight/day of theinhibitor can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.

It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatmentregimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety offactors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, theage, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration,rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treatingphysician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. Theamount of a compound of the present invention in the composition willalso depend upon the particular compound in the composition.

Uses of Compounds and Compositions Thereof

Pharmaceutical Uses

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylationof acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA. This reaction, which proceeds in twohalf-reactions, a biotin carboxylase (BC) reaction and acarboxyltransferase (CT) reaction, is the first committed step in fattyacid (FA) biosynthesis and is the rate-limiting reaction for thepathway. In addition to its role as a substrate in FA biosynthesis,malonyl-CoA, the product of the ACC-catalyzed reaction, also plays animportant regulatory role in controlling mitochondrial FA uptake throughallosteric inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I), theenzyme catalyzing the first committed step in mitochondrial FAoxidation. Malonyl-CoA, therefore, is a key metabolic signal for thecontrol of FA production and utilization in response to dietary changesand altered nutritional requirements in animals, for example duringexercise, and therefore plays a key role in controlling the switchbetween carbohydrate and fat utilization in liver and skeletal muscle[Harwood, 2005].

In mammals, ACC exists as two tissue-specific isozymes, ACC1 which ispresent in lipogenic tissues (liver, adipose) and ACC2, which is presentin oxidative tissues (liver, heart, skeletal muscle). ACC1 and ACC2 areencoded by separate genes, display distinct cellular distributions, andshare 75% overall amino acid sequence identity, except for an extensionat the N-terminus of ACC2 that direct ACC2 to the mitochondrialmembrane. ACC1, which lacks this targeting sequence, is localized to thecytoplasm. In the heart and skeletal muscle, which have a limitedcapacity to synthesize fatty acids, the malonyl-CoA formed by ACC2functions to regulate FA oxidation. In the liver, the malonyl-CoA formedin the cytoplasm through the actions of ACC1 is utilized for FAsynthesis and elongation leading to triglyceride formation and VLDLproduction, whereas the malonyl-CoA formed at the mitochondrial surfaceby ACC2 acts to regulate FA oxidation [Tong and Harwood, J. CellularBiochem. 99: 1476, 2006]. This compartmentalization of malonyl-CoAresults from a combination of synthesis proximity [Abu-Elheiga et al.,PNAS (USA) 102: 12011, 2005] and the rapid action of malonyl-CoAdecarboxylase [Cheng et al., J. Med. Chem. 49:1517, 2006].

Simultaneous inhibition of the enzymatic activities of ACC1 and ACC2offers the ability to inhibit de novo FA production in lipogenic tissues(e.g. liver & adipose) while at the same time stimulating FA oxidationin oxidative tissues (e.g. liver & skeletal muscle) and therefore offersan attractive modality for favorably affecting, in a concerted manner, amultitude of cardiovascular risk factors associated with obesity,diabetes, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome.

Several lines of evidence strongly support the concept of directinhibition of ACC activity as an important therapeutic target fortreating obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, and the metabolicsyndrome.

Abu-Elheiga et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:10207-10212, 2003]demonstrated that ACC2 knock-out mice exhibit reduced skeletal andcardiac muscle malonyl-CoA, increased muscle FA oxidation, reducedhepatic fat, reduced total body fat, elevated skeletal muscle uncouplingprotein-3 (UCP3) which is indicative of increased energy expenditure,reduced body weight, reduced plasma free FAs, reduced plasma glucose,and reduced tissue glycogen, and are protected from diet-induceddiabetes and obesity.

Savage et al. [J. Clin. Invest. 116: 817, 2006], using ACC1 and ACC2antisense oligonucleotides, demonstrated stimulation of FA oxidation inisolated rat hepatocytes and in rats fed high-fat diets, and lowering ofhepatic triglycerides, improvements in insulin sensitivity, reductionsin hepatic glucose production, and increases in UCP1 mRNA in highfat-fed rats. These effects were greater when both ACC1 and ACC2expression were suppressed than when either ACC1 or ACC2 expressionalone was suppressed.

Harwood et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 278: 37099, 2003] demonstrated that theisozyme-nonselective ACC inhibitor, CP-640186, which equally inhibitsACC1 and ACC2 (IC₅₀=˜60 nM) isolated from rat, mouse, monkey and humanwithout inhibiting either pyruvate carboxylase or propionyl-CoAcarboxylase, reduced FA synthesis, triglyceride synthesis and secretionin Hep-G2 cells without affecting cholesterol synthesis, and reducedapoB secretion without affecting apoA1 secretion. CP-640186 alsostimulated FA oxidation in C2C12 cells and in rat muscle slices andincreased CPT-I activity in Hep-G2 cells. In experimental animals,CP-640186 acutely reduced malonyl-CoA concentration in both lipogenicand oxidative tissues in both the fed and fasted state, reduced liverand adipose tissue FA synthesis, and increased whole body FA oxidation.In sucrose-fed rats treated with CP-640186 for three weeks, CP-640186time- and dose-dependently reduced liver, muscle and adiposetriglycerides, reduced body weight due to selective fat reductionwithout reducing lean body mass, reduced leptin levels, reduced thehyperinsulinemia produced by the high sucrose diet without changingplasma glucose levels, and improved insulin sensitivity.

Saha et al. [Diabetes 55:A288, 2006] demonstrated stimulation of insulinsensitivity in insulin-resistant rat muscle tissue by CP-640186 within30 min of compound administration, and studies by Furler et al.[Diabetes 55:A333, 2006] used dual tracer analysis to show that acute(46 min) treatment of rats with CP-640186 stimulated FA clearancewithout decreasing glucose clearance.

ACC is the rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis and its product,malonyl CoA, serves as an important regulator of fatty acid oxidation.Hence, ACC inhibitors both reduce de novo lipid synthesis and promotethe oxidation of existing fat. This dual effect on lipid metabolismraises the possibility that ACC inhibitors will be substantially moreeffective in reducing excess fat than other mechanisms. Furthermore, ACCinhibitors will impact insulin sensitivity, plasma and tissuetriglycerides, and fasting plasma glucose as a consequence of whole-bodyand tissue-specific fat mass reduction without the need forpoly-pharmacy.

ACC inhibitors need only access the liver and muscle in the peripheralcompartment. Avoiding the CNS will address many of side effectsassociated with the late-stage obesity programs targeting CNS receptors.ACC inhibitors are also expected to have superior safety profiles toexisting metabolic disease agents. For example, it is unlikely that anACC inhibitor will precipitate life-threatening hypoglycemia as is oftenseen with insulin mimetics, insulin secretagogues, and insulindegradation inhibitors. Also, since ACC inhibitors will reducewhole-body fat mass, they will be superior to the glitazones thatincrease whole-body fat mass as part of their mechanism of action.

A peripherally acting agent that causes significant weight loss andimproves other metabolic endpoints fits well within the US FDA'srequirements for approval of a new obesity agent. However, if anapproval for obesity continues to be challenging in 5-7 years, ACCinhibitors could be approved for familial combined hyperlipidemia andnon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). There are currently no marketedACC inhibitors, so an isozyme-nonselective ACC inhibitor would representfirst-in-class therapy for treating obesity and metabolic syndrome.

The activity of a provided compound as an inhibitor of ACC or treatmentfor obesity or metabolic syndrome, may be assayed in vitro or in vivo.An in vivo assessment of the efficacy of the compounds of the inventionmay be made using an animal model of obesity or metabolic syndrome,e.g., a rodent or primate model. Cell-based assays may be performedusing, e.g., a cell line isolated from a tissue that expresses ACC.Additionally, biochemical or mechanism-based assays, e.g., transcriptionassays using a purified protein, Northern blot, RT-PCR, etc., may beperformed. In vitro assays include assays that determine cellmorphology, protein expression, and/or the cytotoxicity, enzymeinhibitory activity, and/or the subsequent functional consequences oftreatment of cells with compounds of the invention. Alternate in vitroassays quantitate the ability of the inhibitor to bind to protein ornucleic acid molecules within the cell. Inhibitor binding may bemeasured by radiolabeling the inhibitor prior to binding, isolating theinhibitor/target molecule complex and determining the amount ofradiolabel bound. Alternatively, inhibitor binding may be determined byrunning a competition experiment where new inhibitors are incubated withpurified proteins or nucleic acids bound to known radioligands. Detailedconditions for assaying a compound utilized in this invention as aninhibitor of ACC are set forth in the Examples below. The aforementionedassays are exemplary and not intended to limit the scope of theinvention. The skilled practitioner can appreciate that modificationscan be made to conventional assays to develop equivalent assays thatobtain the same result.

As used herein, the terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer toreversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting theprogress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, asdescribed herein. In some embodiments, treatment may be administeredafter one or more symptoms have developed. In other embodiments,treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms. For example,treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to theonset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or inlight of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also becontinued after symptoms have resolved, for example to prevent or delaytheir recurrence.

A provided compound or composition thereof may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a metabolic disorder or condition, cancer, abacterial infection, a fungal infection, a parasitic infection (e.g.malaria), an autoimmune disorder, a neurodegenerative or neurologicaldisorder, schizophrenia, a bone-related disorder, liver disease, or acardiac disorder.

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition thereof may beadministered using any amount and any route of administration effectivefor treating or lessening the severity of a disease associated with ACC(Tong et al. “Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase: crucial metabolic enzymeand attractive target for drug discovery” Cell and Molecular LifeSciences (2005) 62, 1784-1803).

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition thereof may beadministered using any amount and any route of administration effectivefor treating or lessening the severity of a metabolic disorder, disease,or condition. In some embodiments, the metabolic disorder is obesity,metabolic syndrome, diabetes or diabetes-related disorders includingType 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) and Type 2diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM), impairedglucose tolerance, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, diabeticcomplications, including, but not limited to atherosclerosis, coronaryheart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, nephropathy,hypertension, neuropathy and nephropathy; obesity comorbiditiesincluding but not limited to metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia,hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes (including Type 1 and Type 2diabetes), coronary artery disease, and heart failure. In someembodiments, the metabolic disorder, disease or condition isnon-alcoholic fatty liver disease or hepatic insulin resistance.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatinga metabolic disorder, disease, or condition described herein, comprisingadministering a compound of the invention in conjunction with one ormore pharmaceutical agents. Suitable pharmaceutical agents that may beused in combination with the compounds of the present invention includeanti-obesity agents (including appetite suppressants), anti-diabeticagents, anti-hyperglycemic agents, lipid lowering agents, andanti-hypertensive agents.

Suitable lipid lowering agents that can be used in conjunction with aprovided compound or composition thereof include but are not limited to,bile acid sequestrants, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, HMG-CoA synthaseinhibitors, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, acyl coenzymeA-cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) inhibitors, CETP inhibitors,squalene synthetase inhibitors, PPAR-alpha agonists, FXR receptormodulators, LXR receptor modulators, lipoprotein synthesis inhibitors,renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, PPAR-delta partial agonists, bileacid reabsorption inhibitors, PPAR-gamma agonists, triglyceridesynthesis inhibitors, microsomal triglyceride transport inhibitors,transcription modulators, squalene epoxidase inhibitors, low densitylipoprotein receptor inducers, platelet aggregation inhibitors, 5-LO orFLAP inhibitors, niacin, and niacin-bound chromium.

Suitable anti-hypertensive agents that can be used in conjunction with aprovided compound or composition thereof include but are not limited todiuretics, beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers,angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, neutral endopeptidaseinhibitors, endothelin antagonists, vasodilators, angiotensin IIreceptor antagonists, alpha/beta adrenergic blockers, alpha 1 blockers,alpha 2 agonists, aldosterone inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptorinhibitors, renin inhibitors, and angiopoietin 2 binding agents.

Suitable anti-diabetic agents that can be used in conjunction with aprovided compound or composition thereof include but are not limited toother acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors, DGAT-1 inhibitors,AZD7687, LCQ908, DGAT-2 inhibitors, monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferaseinhibitors, PDE-10 inhibitors, AMPK activators, sulfonylureas (e.g.acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, diabinese, glibenclamide, glipizide,glyburide, blimipiride, gliclazide, glipentide, gliquidone, glisolamide,tolazamide, tolbutamide), meglitinides, alpha-amylase inhibitors (e.g.tendamistat, treastatin, AL-3688), alpha-glucoside hydrolase inhibitors(e.g. acarbose), alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g. adiposine,camiglibose, emiglitate, miglitol, voglibose, pradimicin-Q,sarbostatin), PPAR-gamma agonists (e.g. balaglitazone, ciglitazone,darglitazone, englitazone, isaglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone,troglitazone), PPAR-alpha/gamma agonists (e.g. CLX-0940, GW-1536,GW-1929, GW-2433, KRP-297, L-796449, LR-90, MK-0767, SB-219994),biguanides (e.g. metformin, buformin), GLP-1 modulators (exendin-3,exendin-4), liraglutide, albiglutide, exenatide (Byetta), taspoglutide,lixisenatide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, N,N-9924, TTP-054, PTP-1Binhibitors (trodusquemine, hyrtiosal extract), SIRT-1 inhibitors (e.g.resveratrol, GSK2245840, GSK184072), DPP-IV inhibitors (e.g.sitagliptin, vildagliptin, alogliptin, dutogliptin, linagliptin,saxagliptin), insulin secretagogues, fatty acid oxidation inhibitors, A2antagonists, JNK inhibitors, glucokinase activators (e.g. TTP-399,TTP-355, TTP-547, AZD1656, ARRY403, MK-0599, TAK-329, AZD5658, GKM-001),insulin, insulin mimetics, glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors (e.g.GSK1362885), VPAC2 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin,canagliflozin, BI-10733, tofogliflozin, ASP-1941, THR1474, TS-071,ISIS388626, LX4211), glucagon receptor modulators, GPR119 modulators(e.g. MBX-2982, GSK1292263, APD597, PSN821), FGF21 derivatives, TGR5(GPBAR1) receptor agonists (e.g. INT777), GPR40 agonists (e.g. TAK-875),GPR120 agonists, nicotinic acid receptor (HM74A) activators, SGLT1inhibitors (e.g. GSK1614235), carnitine palmitoyl transferase enzymeinhibitors, fructose 1,6-diphosphatase inhibitors, aldose reductaseinhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitors, TORC2 inhibitors,CCR2 inhibitors, CCR5 inhibitors, PKC (e.g. PKC-alpha, PKC-beta,PKC-gamma) inhibitors, fatty acid synthetase inhibitors, serinepalmitoyl transferase inhibitors, GPR81 modulators, GPR39 modulators,GPR43 modulators, GPR41 modulators, GPR105 modulators, Kv1.3 inhibitors,retinol binding protein 4 inhibitors, glucocorticoid receptormodulators, somatostatin receptor (e.g. SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR5)inhibitors, PDHK2 inhibitors, PDHK4 inhibitors, MAP4K4 inhibitors,IL1-beta modulators, and RXR-alpha modulators.

Suitable anti-obesity agents include but are not limited to,11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibitors, stearoyl-CoAdesaturase (SCD-1) inhibitors, MCR-4 agonists, CCK-A agonists, monoaminereuptake inhibitors (e.g. sibutramine), sympathomimetic agents,beta-3-adrenergic receptor agonists, dopamine receptor agonists (e.g.bromocriptine), melanocyte-stimulating hormone and analogs thereof,5-HT_(2C) agonists (e.g. lorcaserin/Belviq), melanin concentratinghormone antagonists, leptin, leptin analogs, leptin agonists, galaninantagonists, lipase inhibitors (e.g. tetrahydrolipstatin/Orlistat),anorectic agents (e.g. bombesin agonists), NPY antagonists (e.g.velneperit), PYY₃₋₃₆ (and analogs thereof), BRS3 modulators, opioidreceptor mixed antagonists, thyromimetic agents, dehydroepiandrosterone,glucocorticoid agonists or antagonists, orexin antagonists, GLP-1agonists, ciliary neurotrophic factors (e.g. Axokine), humanagouti-related protein (AGRP) inhibitors, H3 antagonists or inverseagonists, neuromedin U agonists, MTP/ApoB inhibitors (e.g. gut-selectiveMTP inhibitors such as dirlotapide, JTT130, Usistapide, SLX4090), MetAp2inhibitors (e.g. ZGN-433), agents with mixed modulatory activity at twoor more of glucagon, GIP, and GLP 1 receptors (e.g. MAR-701, ZP2929),norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, opioid antagonists (e.g.naltrexone), CB1 receptor antagonists or inverse agonists, ghrelinagonists or antagonists, oxyntomodulin and analogs thereof, monoamineuptake inhibitors (e.g. tesofensine), and combination agents (e.g.buproprion plus zonisamide (Empatic), pramlintide plus metreleptin,buproprion plus naltrexone (Contrave), phentermine plus topiramate(Qsymia).

In some embodiments, the anti-obesity agents used in combination with aprovided compound or composition thereof are selected from gut-selectiveMTP inhibitors (e.g. dirlotapide, mitratapide, implitapide, R56918),CCK-A agonists, 5-HT_(2C) agonists (e.g. lorcaserin/Belviq), MCR4agonists, lipase inhibitors (e.g. Cetilistat), PYY₃₋₃₆ (includinganalogs and PEGylated analogs thereof), opioid antagonists (e.g.naltrexone), oleoyl estrone, obinepitide, pramlintide, tesofensine,leptin, bromocriptine, orlistat, AOD-9604, and sibutramine.

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a LKB1 or Kras associated disease. In someembodiments, the LKB1 or Kras associated disease is selected fromhepatocellular carcinoma, LKB1 mutant cancers, LKB1 loss ofheterozygosity (LOH) driven cancers, Kras mutant cancers, Peutz-Jegherssyndrome (PJS), Cowden's disease (CD), and tubeous sclerosis (TS)(Makowski et al. “Role of LKB1 in Lung Cancer Development” BritishJournal of Cancer (2008) 99, 683-688). In some embodiments, the LKB1 orKras associated disease is a Kras positive/LKB1 deficient lung tumor.

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a cancer, or inhibiting the growth of orinducing apoptosis in cancer cells (Wang et al. “Acetyl-CoACarboxylase-alpha Inhibitor TOFA Induces Human Cancer Cell Apoptosis”Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2009) 385(3), 302-306; Chajes et al.“Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase alpha Is Essential to Breast Cancer CellSurvival” Cancer Res. (2006) 66, 5287-5294; Beckers et al. “ChemicalInhibition of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Induces Growth Arrest andCytotoxicity Selectivity in Cancer Cells” Cancer Res. (2007) 8180-8187;Brusselmans et al. “RNA Interference-Mediated Silencing of theAcetyl-CoA-Carboxylase-alpha Gene Induces Growth Inhibition andApoptosis of Prostate Cancer Cells” Cancer Res. (2005) 65, 6719-6725;Brunet et al. “BRCA1 and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase: The Metabolic Syndromof Breast Cancer” Molecular Carcinogenesis (2008) 47, 157-163; Cairns etal. “Regulation of Cancer Cell Metabolism” (2011) 11, 85-95; Chiaradonnaet al. “From Cancer Metabolism to New Biomarkers and Drug Targets”Biotechnology Advances (2012) 30, 30-51).

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a melanoma. In some embodiments, the melanomais one bearing an activated MAPK pathway (Petti et al. “AMPK activatorsinhibit the proliferation of human melanomas bearing the activated MAPKpathway” Melanoma Research (2012) 22, 341-350).

A provided compound finds special utility in triple negative breastcancer, as the tumor suppressor protein BRCA1 binds and stabilizes theinactive form of ACC, thus upregulating de novo lipid synthesis,resulting in cancer cell proliferation Brunet et al. “BRCA1 andacetyl-CoA carboxylase: the metabolic syndrome of breast cancer” Mol.Carcinog. (2008) 47(2), 157-163.

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a liposarcoma. Liposarcomas have been shown todepend on de novo long-chain fatty acid synthesis for growth, andinhibition of ACC by soraphen A inhibited lipogenesis as well as tumorcell growth (Olsen et al. “Fatty acid synthesis is a therapeutic targetin human liposarcoma” International J. of Oncology (2010) 36,1309-1314).

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a liver disease. In some embodiments, theliver disease is selected from hepatitis C, hepatocellular carcinoma,familial combined hyperlipidemia and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH), liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, angiosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma,and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis.

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a bacterial infection or inhibiting the growthof bacteria.

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a fungal infection or inhibiting the growth offungal cells (Shen et al. “A Mechanism for the Potent Inhibition ofEukaryotic Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase by Soraphen A, a MacrocyclicPolyketide Natural Product” Molecular Cell (2004) 16, 881-891).

In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits one or more species offungi at an MIC of 2 μg/mL or less. In some embodiments, a compound ofthe present invention inhibits at least one of C. albicans, C. krusei,and C. parapsilosis at a concentration of 2 μg/mL or less. In someembodiments, a compound of the present invention inhibits at least oneof C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. parapsilosis at a concentration of 1μg/mL or less. In some embodiments, a compound of the present inventioninhibits at least two of C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. parapsilosis ata concentration of 2 μg/mL or less. In some embodiments, a compound ofthe present invention inhibits at least two of C. albicans, C. krusei,and C. parapsilosis at a concentration of 1 μg/mL or less. In someembodiments, a compound of the present invention inhibits each of C.albicans, C. krusei, and C. parapsilosis at a concentration of 2 μg/mLor less. In some embodiments, a compound of the present inventioninhibits each of C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. parapsilosis at aconcentration of 1 μg/mL

In some embodiments, a provided compound inhibits at least one ofBotrytis cinerea, Collectotrichum graminicola, Diplodia maydis, Fusariummoniliforme, Fusarium virguliforme, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctoniasolani, and Septoria at a concentration of 2 μg/mL or less. In someembodiments, a provided compound inhibits at least one of Botrytiscinerea, Collectotrichum graminicola, Diplodia maydis, Fusariummoniliforme, Fusarium virguliforme, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctoniasolani, and Septoria at a concentration of 1 μg/mL or less. In someembodiments, a compound of the present invention inhibits at least twoof Botrytis cinerea, Collectotrichum graminicola, Diplodia maydis,Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium virguliforme, Phytophthora capsici,Rhizoctonia solani, and Septoria at a concentration of 2 μg/mL or less.In some embodiments, a compound of the present invention inhibits atleast two of Botrytis cinerea, Collectotrichum graminicola, Diplodiamaydis, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium virguliforme, Phytophthoracapsici, Rhizoctonia solani, and Septoria at a concentration of 1 μg/mLor less. In some embodiments, a compound of the present inventioninhibits at least three of Botrytis cinerea, Collectotrichumgraminicola, Diplodia maydis, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusariumvirguliforme, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, and Septoria ata concentration of 2 g/mL or less. In some embodiments, a compound ofthe present invention inhibits at least three of Botrytis cinerea,Collectotrichum graminicola, Diplodia maydis, Fusarium moniliforme,Fusarium virguliforme, Phytophthora capsici, Rhizoctonia solani, andSeptoria at a concentration of 1 μg/mL or less.

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a bacterial infection (Tong, L. et al. J.Cell. Biochem. (2006) 99, 1476-1488).

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a viral infection (Munger et al. Nat.Biotechnol. (2008) 26, 1179-1186). In some embodiments, the viralinfection is Hepatitis C.

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a neurological disease (Henderson et al.Neurotherapeutics (2008) 5, 470-480; Costantini et al. Neurosci. (2008)9 Suppl. 2:S16; Baranano et al. Curr. Treat. Opin. Neurol. (2008) 10,410-419).

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a parasitic infection or inhibiting the growthof parasites (e.g. malaria and toxoplasma: Gornicki et al. “Apicoplastfatty acid biosynthesis as a target for medical intervention inapicomplexan parasites” International Journal of Parasitology (2003) 33,885-896; Zuther et al. “Growth of Toxoplasma gondii is inhibited byaryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides targeting acetyl-CoA carboxylase”PNAS (1999) 96 (23) 13387-13392).

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be administered using anyamount and any route of administration effective for treating orlessening the severity of a cardiac disorder. In some embodiments, thecardiac disorder is cardiac hypertrophy. In some embodiments the cardiacdisorder is treated or its severity lessened by the cardioprotectivemechanism resulting from increased fatty acid oxidation via ACCinhibition (Kolwicz et al. “Cardiac-specific deletion of acetyl CoAcarboxylase 2 (ACC2) prevents metabolic remodeling duringpressure-overload hypertrophy” Circ. Res. (2012); DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.268128).

In certain embodiments, a provided compound or composition, according tothe method of the present invention, may be used as herbicides. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a method to inhibit thegrowth or viability of plants comprising treating plants with compoundsof the present invention. In some embodiments of the present invention,a provided compound or composition can be used to inhibit the growth orviability of plants by inhibiting ACC. In some embodiments, the methodof the present invention comprises using a provided compound orcomposition to inhibit fatty acid production in or increase fatty acidoxidation in plants.

The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, dependingon the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severityof the infection, the particular agent, its mode of administration, andthe like. A provided compound or composition of the invention ispreferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration anduniformity of dosage. The expression “dosage unit form” as used hereinrefers to a physically discrete unit of agent appropriate for thepatient to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the totaldaily usage of a provided compound or composition of the presentinvention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope ofsound medical judgment. The specific effective dose level for anyparticular patient or organism will depend upon a variety of factorsincluding the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder;the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific compositionemployed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of thepatient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rateof excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of thetreatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specificcompound employed, and like factors well known in the medical arts.

A pharmaceutically acceptable composition of this invention can beadministered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally,intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as bypowders, ointments, or drops), bucally, as an oral or nasal spray, orthe like, depending on the severity of the infection being treated. Incertain embodiments, a provided compound of the invention may beadministered orally or parenterally at dosage levels of about 0.01 mg/kgto about 50 mg/kg and preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg,of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain thedesired therapeutic effect.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limitedto, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions,suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds,the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in theart such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agentsand emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylcarbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular,cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils),glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fattyacid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents,the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents,emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfumingagents.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous oroleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known artusing suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. Thesterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectablesolution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptablediluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Amongthe acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water,Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. Inaddition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solventor suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can beemployed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fattyacids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, byfiltration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporatingsterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which canbe dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectablemedium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a provided compound, it is oftendesirable to slow the absorption of a compound from subcutaneous orintramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquidsuspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor watersolubility. The rate of absorption of the compound then depends upon itsrate of dissolution that, in turn, may depend upon crystal size andcrystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterallyadministered compound form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending acompound in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by formingmicroencapsule matrices of a compound in biodegradable polymers such aspolylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of compound topolymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate ofcompound release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradablepolymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depotinjectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping a compound inliposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferablysuppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of thisinvention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such ascocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solidat ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore meltin the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets,pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the activecompound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphateand/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose,glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example,carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone,sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegratingagents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch,alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solutionretarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such asquaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example,cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolinand bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate,magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate,and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, thedosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers insoft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactoseor milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols andthe like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills,and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as entericcoatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulatingart. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of acomposition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, orpreferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally,in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be usedinclude polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similartype may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatincapsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as highmolecular weight polethylene glycols and the like.

A provided compound can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one ormore excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets,dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings andshells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and othercoatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such soliddosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inertdiluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may alsocomprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inertdiluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such amagnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case ofcapsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprisebuffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and canalso be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s)only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract,optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions thatcan be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound ofthis invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels,powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active componentis admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required.Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also contemplatedas being within the scope of this invention. Additionally, the presentinvention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have theadded advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to thebody. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing thecompound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used toincrease the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can becontrolled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or bydispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

According to one embodiment, the invention relates to a method ofinhibiting ACC in a biological sample comprising the step of contactingsaid biological sample with a provided compound, or a compositioncomprising said compound.

In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method of modulatingfatty acid levels in a biological sample comprising the step ofcontacting said biological sample with a provided compound, or acomposition comprising said compound.

The term “biological sample”, as used herein, includes, withoutlimitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied materialobtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine,feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.

Inhibition of enzymes in a biological sample is useful for a variety ofpurposes that are known to one of skill in the art. Examples of suchpurposes include, but are not limited to biological assays, geneexpression studies, and biological target identification.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method ofinhibiting ACC in a patient comprising the step of administering to saidpatient a provided compound, or a composition comprising said compound.

According to another embodiment, the invention relates to a method ofinhibiting fatty acid production, stimulating fatty acid oxidation, orboth, in a patient comprising the step of administering to said patienta provided compound, or a composition comprising said compound.According to certain embodiments, the invention relates to a method ofinhibiting fatty acid production, stimulating fatty acid oxidation, orboth in a patient, leading to decreasing obesity or alleviating symptomsof metabolic syndrome, comprising the step of administering to saidpatient a provided compound, or a composition comprising said compound.In other embodiments, the present invention provides a method fortreating a disorder mediated by ACC, in a patient in need thereof,comprising the step of administering to said patient a provided compoundor pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof. Such disorders aredescribed in detail herein.

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition thereof may beused in a method of treating obesity or another metabolic disorder. Incertain embodiments, a provided compound or composition thereof may beused to treat obesity or other metabolic disorder in a mammal. Incertain, embodiments the mammal is a human patient. In certainembodiments, a provided compound or composition thereof may be used totreat obesity or other metabolic disorder in a human patient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatingobesity or another metabolic disorder, comprising administering aprovided compound or composition thereof to a patient with obesity oranother metabolic disorder. In certain embodiments, the method oftreating obesity or another metabolic disorder comprises administering aprovided compound or composition thereof to a mammal. In certainembodiments, the mammal is a human. In some embodiments, the metabolicdisorder is dyslipidemia or hyperlipidemia. In some embodiments, theobesity is a symptom of Prader-Willi syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome,Cohen syndrome or MOMO syndrome. In some embodiments, the obesity is aside effect of the administration of another medication, including butnot limited to insulin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones,antipsychotics, antidepressants, steroids, anticonvulsants (includingphenytoin and valproate), pizotifen, or hormonal contraceptives.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method oftreating cancer or another proliferative disorder, comprisingadministering a provided compound or composition thereof to a patientwith cancer or another proliferative disorder. In certain embodiments,the method of treating cancer or another proliferative disordercomprises administering a provided compound or composition thereof to amammal. In certain embodiments, the mammal is a human.

As used herein, the terms “inhibition of cancer” and “inhibition ofcancer cell proliferation” refer to the inhibition of the growth,division, maturation or viability of cancer cells, and/or causing thedeath of cancer cells, individually or in aggregate with other cancercells, by cytotoxicity, nutrient depletion, or the induction ofapoptosis.

Examples of tissues containing cancerous cells whose proliferation isinhibited by the a provided compound or composition thereof describedherein and against which the methods described herein are useful includebut are not limited to breast, prostate, brain, blood, bone marrow,liver, pancreas, skin, kidney, colon, ovary, lung, testicle, penis,thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, thymus, retina, uvea, conjunctiva,spleen, head, neck, trachea, gall bladder, rectum, salivary gland,adrenal gland, throat, esophagus, lymph nodes, sweat glands, sebaceousglands, muscle, heart, and stomach.

In some embodiments, the cancer treated by a provided compound orcomposition thereof is a melanoma, liposarcoma, lung cancer, breastcancer, prostate cancer, leukemia, kidney cancer, esophageal cancer,brain cancer, lymphoma or colon cancer. In certain embodiments, thecancer is a primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). In certain preferredembodiments, the cancer to be treated by a provided compound orcomposition thereof is one bearing an activated MAPK pathway. In someembodiments, the cancer bearing an activated MAPK pathway is a melanoma.In certain preferred embodiments, the cancer treated by a providedcompound or composition thereof is one associated with BRCA1 mutation.In an especially preferred embodiment, the cancer treated by a providedcompound or composition thereof is a triple negative breast cancer.

In certain embodiments, the diseases which can be treated by a providedcompound or composition thereof are neurological disorders. In someembodiments, the neurological disorder is Alzheimer's Disease,Parkinson's Disease, epilepsy, ischemia, Age Associated MemoryImpairment, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Friedreich's Ataxia,GLUT1-deficient epilepsy, Leprechaunism, Rabson-Mendenhall Syndrome,Coronary Arterial Bypass Graft dementia, anaesthesia-induced memoryloss, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, glioma or Huntington's Disease.

In certain embodiments, the disease which can be treated by a providedcompound or composition thereof is an infectious disease. In someembodiments, the infectious disease is a viral infection. In someembodiments the viral infection is cytomegalovirus infection orinfluenza infection. In some embodiments, the infectious disease is afungal infection. In some embodiments, the infectious disease is abacterial infection.

Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated,additional therapeutic agents, which are normally administered to treatthat condition, may be administered in combination with a providedcompound or composition thereof. As used herein, additional therapeuticagents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease, orcondition, are known as “appropriate for the disease, or condition,being treated”.

In certain embodiments, a provided compound or composition thereof isadministered in combination with one or more additional antifungal(antimycotic) agents for the treatment of a fungal infection. In someembodiments, the one or more additional antifungal (antimycotic) agentsare selected from polyene antifungals (including but not limited toamphotericin B (as amphotericin B deoxycholate, amphotericin B lipidcomplex, or liposomal amphotericin B), candicidin, filipin, hamycin,natamycin, nystatin, and rimocidin), azole antifungals (including butnot limited to abafungin, albaconazole, bifonazole, butoconazole,clotrimazole, econazole, efinaconazole, epoxiconazole, fenticonazole,fluconazole, isavuconazole, isoconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole,luliconazole, miconazole, omoconazole, oxiconazole, posaconazole,propiconazole, ravuconazole, sertaconazole, sulconazole, terconazole,tioconazole, and voriconazole), allylamines (including but not limitedto amorolfin, butenafine, naftifine, and terbinafine), echinocandins(including but not limited to anidulafungin, caspofungin, andmicafungin), benzoic acid, ciclopirox, flucytosine, griseofulvin,haloprogin, tolnaftate, undecylenic acid, and crystal violet.

In certain embodiments, a provided compound or composition thereof isadministered in combination with another inhibitor of ACC or antiobesityagent. In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition thereofis administered in combination with one or more other therapeuticagents. Such therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to agentssuch as orlistat (Xenical), CNS stimulants, Qsymia, or Belviq.

In certain embodiments, a provided compound or a composition thereof isadministered in combination with another anti-cancer, cytotoxin, orchemotherapeutic agent, to a patient in need thereof.

In certain embodiments, the anti-cancer or chemotherapeutic agents usedin combination with a provided compound or composition thereof include,but are not limited to, metformin, phenformin, buformin, imatinib,nilotinib, gefitinib, sunitinib, carfilzomib, salinosporamide A,retinoic acid, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, mechlorethamine,cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, ifosfamide, azathioprine,mercaptopurine, doxifluridine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, methotrexate,tioguanine, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine,podophyllotoxin, etoposide, teniposide, tafluposide, paclitaxel,docetaxel, irinotecan, topotecan, amsacrine, actinomycin, doxorubicin,daunorubicin, valrubicin, idarubicin, epirubicin, plicamycin, mitomycin,mitoxantrone, melphalan, busulfan, capecitabine, pemetrexed,epothilones, 13-cis-Retinoic Acid, 2-CdA, 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine,5-Azacitidine, 5-Fluorouracil, 5-FU, 6-Mercaptopurine, 6-MP, 6-TG,6-Thioguanine, Abraxane, Accutane®, Actinomycin-D, Adriamycin®,Adrucil®, Afinitor®, Agrylin®, Ala-Cort®, Aldesleukin, Alemtuzumab,ALIMTA, Alitretinoin, Alkaban-AQ®, Alkeran®, All-transretinoic Acid,Alpha Interferon, Altretamine, Amethopterin, Amifostine,Aminoglutethimide, Anagrelide, Anandron®, Anastrozole,Arabinosylcytosine, Ara-C, Aranesp®, Aredia®, Arimidex®, Aromasin®,Arranon®, Arsenic Trioxide, Arzerra™, Asparaginase, ATRA, Avastin®,Azacitidine, BCG, BCNU, Bendamustine, Bevacizumab, Bexarotene, BEXXAR®,Bicalutamide, BiCNU, Blenoxane®, Bleomycin, Bortezomib, Busulfan,Busulfex®, C225, Calcium Leucovorin, Campath®, Camptosar®,Camptothecin-11, Capecitabine, Carac™, Carboplatin, Carmustine,Carmustine Wafer, Casodex®, CC-5013, CCI-779, CCNU, CDDP, CeeNU,Cerubidine®, Cetuximab, Chlorambucil, Citrovorum Factor, Cladribine,Cortisone, Cosmegen®, CPT-11, Cytadren®, Cytosar-U®, Cytoxan®,Dacarbazine, Dacogen, Dactinomycin, Darbepoetin Alfa, Dasatinib,Daunomycin, Daunorubicin Hydrochloride, Daunorubicin Liposomal,DaunoXome®, Decadron, Decitabine, Delta-Cortef®, Deltasone®, Denileukin,Diftitox, DepoCyt™, Dexamethasone, Dexamethasone Acetate, DexamethasoneSodium Phosphate, Dexasone, Dexrazoxane, DHAD, DIC, Diodex, Docetaxel,Doxil®, Doxorubicin, Doxorubicin Liposomal, Droxia™, DTIC, DTIC-Dome®,Duralone®, Efudex®, Eligard™, Ellence™, Eloxatin™ Elspar®, Emcyt®,Epirubicin, Epoetin Alfa, Erbitux, Erlotinib, Erwinia L-asparaginase,Estramustine, Ethyol, Etopophos®, Etoposide, Etoposide Phosphate,Eulexin®, Everolimus, Evista®, Exemestane, Fareston®, Faslodex®,Femara®, Filgrastim, Floxuridine, Fludara®, Fludarabine, Fluoroplex®,Fluorouracil, Fluorouracil (cream), Fluoxymesterone, Flutamide, FolinicAcid, FUDR®, Fulvestrant, G-CSF, Gefitinib, Gemcitabine, Gemtuzumab,ozogamicin, Gemzar Gleevec™, Gliadel® Wafer, GM-CSF, Goserelin,Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor, Granulocyte Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, Halotestin®, Herceptin®, Hexadrol, Hexalen®,Hexamethylmelamine, HMM, Hycamtin®, Hydrea®, Hydrocort Acetate®,Hydrocortisone, Hydrocortisone Sodium Phosphate, Hydrocortisone SodiumSuccinate, Hydrocortone Phosphate, Hydroxyurea, Ibritumomab,Ibritumomab, Tiuxetan, Idamycin®, Idarubicin Ifex®, IFN-alpha,Ifosfamide, IL-11, IL-2, Imatinib mesylate, Imidazole Carboxamide,Interferon alfa, Interferon Alfa-2b (PEG Conjugate), Interleukin-2,Interleukin-11, Intron A® (interferon alfa-2b), Iressa®, Irinotecan,Isotretinoin, Ixabepilone, Ixempra™, Kidrolase®, Lanacort®, Lapatinib,L-asparaginase, LCR, Lenalidomide, Letrozole, Leucovorin, Leukeran,Leukine™, Leuprolide, Leurocristine, Leustatin™, Liposomal Ara-C, LiquidPred®, Lomustine, L-PAM, L-Sarcolysin, Lupron®, Lupron Depot®,Matulane®, Maxidex, Mechlorethamine, Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride,Medralone®, Medrol®, Megace®, Megestrol, Megestrol Acetate, Melphalan,Mercaptopurine, Mesna, Mesnex™, Methotrexate, Methotrexate Sodium,Methylprednisolone, Meticorten®, Mitomycin, Mitomycin-C, Mitoxantrone,M-Prednisol®, MTC, MTX, Mustargen®, Mustine, Mutamycin®, Myleran®,Mylocel™, Mylotarg®, Navelbine®, Nelarabine, Neosar®, Neulasta™,Neumega®, Neupogen®, Nexavar®, Nilandron®, Nilotinib, Nilutamide,Nipent®, Nitrogen Mustard, Novaldex®, Novantrone®, Nplate, Octreotide,Octreotide acetate, Ofatumumab, Oncospar®, Oncovin®, Ontak®, Onxal™,Oprelvekin, Orapred®, Orasone®, Oxaliplatin, Paclitaxel, PaclitaxelProtein-bound, Pamidronate, Panitumumab, Panretin®, Paraplatin®,Pazopanib, Pediapred®, PEG Interferon, Pegaspargase, Pegfilgrastim,PEG-INTRON™, PEG-L-asparaginase, PEMETREXED, Pentostatin, PhenylalanineMustard, Platinol®, Platinol-AQ®, Prednisolone, Prednisone, Prelone®,Procarbazine, PROCRIT®, Proleukin®, Prolifeprospan 20 with CarmustineImplant, Purinethol®, Raloxifene, Revlimid®, Rheumatrex®, Rituxan®,Rituximab, Roferon-A® (Interferon Alfa-2a), Romiplostim, Rubex®,Rubidomycin hydrochloride, Sandostatin®, Sandostatin LAR®, Sargramostim,Solu-Cortef®, Solu-Medrol®, Sorafenib, SPRYCEL™, STI-571, Streptozocin,SU11248, Sunitinib, Sutent®, Tamoxifen, Tarceva®, Targretin®, Tasigna®,Taxol®, Taxotere®, Temodar®, Temozolomide, Temsirolimus, Teniposide,TESPA, Thalidomide, Thalomid®, TheraCys®, Thioguanine, ThioguanineTabloid®, Thiophosphoamide, Thioplex®, Thiotepa, TICE®, Toposar®,Topotecan, Toremifene, Torisel®, Tositumomab, Trastuzumab, Treanda®,Tretinoin, Trexall™, Trisenox®, TSPA, TYKERB®, VCR, Vectibix™, Velban®,Velcade®, VePesid®, Vesanoid®, Viadur™, Vidaza®, Vinblastine,Vinblastine Sulfate, Vincasar Pfs®, Vincristine, Vinorelbine,Vinorelbine tartrate, VLB, VM-26, Vorinostat, Votrient, VP-16, Vumon®,Xeloda®, Zanosar®, Zevalin™, Zinecard®, Zoladex®, Zoledronic acid,Zolinza, Zometa®, or combinations of any of the above.

In certain embodiments, a provided compound may be administered togetherwith a biguanide selected from metformin, phenformin, or buformin, to apatient in need thereof. In certain embodiments, the patientadministered a combination of a provided compound and a biguanide issuffering from a cancer, obesity, a liver disease, diabetes or two ormore of the above.

In certain embodiments, a combination of 2 or more therapeutic agentsmay be administered together with a provided compound. In certainembodiments, a combination of 3 or more therapeutic agents may beadministered with a provided compound.

Other examples of agents the inhibitors of this invention may also becombined with include, without limitation: vitamins and nutritionalsupplements, cancer vaccines, treatments for neutropenia (e.g. G-CSF,filgrastim, lenograstim), treatments for thrombocytopenia (e.g. bloodtransfusion, erythropoietin), PI3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, MEKinhibitors, AMPK activators, PCSK9 inhibitors, SREBP site 1 proteaseinhibitors, HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors, antiemetics (e.g. 5-HT₃receptor antagonists, dopamine antagonists, NK1 receptor antagonists,histamine receptor antagonists, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, oranticholinergics), treatments for Alzheimer's Disease such as Aricept®and Excelon®; treatments for Parkinson's Disease such asL-DOPA/carbidopa, entacapone, ropinrole, pramipexole, bromocriptine,pergolide, trihexephendyl, and amantadine; agents for treating MultipleSclerosis (MS) such as beta interferon (e.g., Avonex® and Rebif®),Copaxone®, and mitoxantrone; treatments for asthma such as albuterol andSingulair®; agents for treating schizophrenia such as zyprexa,risperdal, seroquel, and haloperidol; anti-inflammatory agents such ascorticosteroids, TNF blockers, IL-1 RA, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide,and sulfasalazine; immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents such ascyclosporin, tacrolimus, rapamycin, mycophenolate mofetil, interferons,corticosteroids, cyclophophamide, azathioprine, and sulfasalazine;neurotrophic factors such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, MAOinhibitors, interferons, anti-convulsants, ion channel blockers,riluzole, and anti-Parkinsonian agents; agents for treatingcardiovascular disease such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics,nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and statins, fibrates, cholesterolabsorption inhibitors, bile acid sequestrants, and niacin; agents fortreating liver disease such as corticosteroids, cholestyramine,interferons, and anti-viral agents; agents for treating blood disorderssuch as corticosteroids, anti-leukemic agents, and growth factors;agents for treating immunodeficiency disorders such as gamma globulin;and anti-diabetic agents such as biguanides (metformin, phenformin,buformin), thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone,troglitazone), sulfonylureas (tolbutamide, acetohexamide, tolazamide,chlorpropamide, glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride, gliclazide),meglitinides (repaglinide, nateglinide), alpha-glucosidase inhibitors(miglitol, acarbose), incretin mimetics (exenatide, liraglutide,taspoglutide), gastric inhibitory peptide analogs, DPP-4 inhibitors(vildagliptin, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, alogliptin),amylin analogs (pramlintide), and insulin and insulin analogs.

In certain embodiments, a provided compound, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable composition thereof, are administered in combination withantisense agents, a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody or a siRNAtherapeutic.

Those additional agents may be administered separately from a providedcompound or composition thereof, as part of a multiple dosage regimen.Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixedtogether with a provided compound in a single composition. Ifadministered as part of a multiple dosage regime, the two active agentsmay be submitted simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of timefrom one another, normally within five hours from one another.

As used herein, the term “combination,” “combined,” and related termsrefers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeuticagents in accordance with this invention. For example, a providedcompound may be administered with another therapeutic agentsimultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or togetherin a single unit dosage form. Accordingly, the present inventionprovides a single unit dosage form comprising a provided compound, anadditional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,adjuvant, or vehicle.

The amount of both, a provided compound and additional therapeutic agent(in those compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent asdescribed above) that may be combined with the carrier materials toproduce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treatedand the particular mode of administration. Preferably, compositions ofthis invention should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01-100mg/kg body weight/day of a provided compound can be administered.

In those compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent,that additional therapeutic agent and a provided compound may actsynergistically. Therefore, the amount of additional therapeutic agentin such compositions will be less than that required in a monotherapyutilizing only that therapeutic agent. In such compositions a dosage ofbetween 0.01-100 μg/kg body weight/day of the additional therapeuticagent can be administered.

The amount of additional therapeutic agent present in a compositioncomprising a provided compound will be no more than the amount thatwould normally be administered in a composition comprising thattherapeutic agent as the only active agent. Preferably the amount ofadditional therapeutic agent in a provided composition will range fromabout 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a compositioncomprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent.

Agricultural Uses

The invention further refers to an agricultural composition comprisingat least one provided compound as defined above or an agriculturallyacceptable salt thereof and a liquid or solid carrier. Suitablecarriers, as well as auxiliaries and further active compounds which mayalso be contained in the composition of the invention are defined below.

Suitable “agriculturally acceptable salts” include but are not limitedto the salts of those cations or the acid addition salts of those acidswhose cations and anions, respectively, have no adverse effect on thefungicidal action of a provided compound. Thus, suitable cations are inparticular the ions of the alkali metals, preferably sodium andpotassium, of the alkaline earth metals, preferably calcium, magnesiumand barium, and of the transition metals, preferably manganese, copper,zinc and iron, and also the ammonium ion which, if desired, may carryone to four C₁-C₄-alkyl substituents and/or one phenyl or benzylsubstituent, preferably diisopropylammonium, tetramethylammonium,tetrabutylammonium, trimethylbenzylammonium. Additional agriculturallyacceptable salts include phosphonium ions, sulfonium ions, preferablytri(C₁-C₄-alkyl)sulfonium and sulfoxonium ions, preferablytri(C₁-C₄-alkyl)sulfoxonium. Anions of useful acid addition salts areprimarily chloride, bromide, fluoride, hydrogen-sulfate, sulfate,dihydrogenphosphate, hydrogenphosphate, phosphate, nitrate, bicarbonate,carbonate, hexafluorosilicate, hexafluorophosphate, benzoate, and alsothe anions of C₁-C₄-alkanoic acids, preferably formate, acetate,propionate and butyrate. Such agriculturally acceptable acid additionsalts can be formed by reacting a provided compound bearing a basicionizable group with an acid of the corresponding anion, preferablyhydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid ornitric acid.

A provided compound or composition thereof is suitable as fungicides.They are distinguished by an outstanding effectiveness against a broadspectrum of phytopathogenic fungi, including soil-borne fungi, whichderive especially from the classes of the Plasmodiophoromycetes,Peronosporomycetes (syn. Oomycetes), Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes,Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes (syn. Fungi imperfecti).Some are systemically effective and they can be used in crop protectionas foliar fungicides, fungicides for seed dressing and soil fungicides.Moreover, they are suitable for controlling harmful fungi, which interalia occur in wood or roots of plants.

In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition thereof isparticularly important in the control of phytopathogenic fungi onvarious cultivated plants, such as cereals, e.g. wheat, rye, barley,triticale, oats or rice; beet, e.g. sugar beet or fodder beet; fruits,such as pomes, stone fruits or soft fruits, e.g. apples, pears, plums,peaches, almonds, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries orgooseberries; leguminous plants, such as lentils, peas, alfalfa orsoybeans; oil plants, such as rape, mustard, olives, sunflowers,coconut, cocoa beans, castor oil plants, oil palms, ground nuts orsoybeans; cucurbits, such as squashes, cucumber or melons; fiber plants,such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute; citrus fruit, such as oranges,lemons, grapefruits or mandarins; vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce,asparagus, cabbages, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits orpaprika; lauraceous plants, such as avocados, cinnamon or camphor;energy and raw material plants, such as corn, soybean, rape, sugar caneor oil palm; corn; tobacco; nuts; coffee; tea; bananas; vines (tablegrapes and grape juice grape vines); hop; turf; natural rubber plants orornamental and forestry plants, such as flowers, shrubs, broad-leavedtrees or evergreens, e.g. conifers; and on the plant propagationmaterial, such as seeds, and the crop material of these plants.

In some embodiments, a provided compound or compositions thereof is usedfor controlling a multitude of fungi on field crops, such as potatoes,sugar beets, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, cotton,soybeans, rape, legumes, sunflowers, coffee or sugar cane; fruits;vines; ornamentals; or vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans orsquashes.

The term “plant propagation material” is to be understood to denote allthe generative parts of the plant such as seeds and vegetative plantmaterial such as cuttings and tubers (e.g. potatoes), which can be usedfor the multiplication of the plant. This includes seeds, roots, fruits,tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, shoots, sprouts and other parts of plants,including seedlings and young plants, which are to be transplanted aftergermination or after emergence from soil. These young plants may also beprotected before transplantation by a total or partial treatment byimmersion or pouring.

In some embodiments, treatment of plant propagation materials with aprovided compound or compositions thereof is used for controlling amultitude of fungi on cereals, such as wheat, rye, barley and oats;rice, corn, cotton and soybeans.

The term “cultivated plants” is to be understood as including plantswhich have been modified by breeding, mutagenesis or genetic engineeringincluding but not limiting to agricultural biotech products on themarket or in development. Genetically modified plants are plants, whichgenetic material has been so modified by the use of recombinant DNAtechniques that under natural circumstances cannot readily be obtainedby cross breeding, mutations or natural recombination. Typically, one ormore genes have been integrated into the genetic material of agenetically modified plant in order to improve certain properties of theplant. Such genetic modifications also include but are not limited totargeted post-translational modification of protein(s), oligo- orpolypeptides e.g. by glycosylation or polymer additions such asprenylated, acetylated or farnesylated moieties or PEG moieties.

Plants that have been modified by breeding, mutagenesis or geneticengineering, e.g. have been rendered tolerant to applications ofspecific classes of herbicides, such as hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors; acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors,such as sulfonyl ureas (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,100, WO 01/82685,WO 00/26390, WO 97/41218, WO 98/02526, WO 98/02527, WO 04/106529, WO05/20673, WO 03/14357, WO 03/13225, WO 03/14356, WO 04/16073) orimidazolinones (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,100, WO 01/82685, WO00/026390, WO 97/41218, WO 98/002526, WO 98/02527, WO 04/106529, WO05/20673, WO 03/014357, WO 03/13225, WO 03/14356, WO 04/16073);enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) inhibitors, such asglyphosate (see e.g. WO 92/00377); glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitors,such as glufosinate (see e.g. EP-A 242 236, EP-A 242 246) or oxynilherbicides (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,024) as a result ofconventional methods of breeding or genetic engineering. Severalcultivated plants have been rendered tolerant to herbicides byconventional methods of breeding (mutagenesis), e.g. Clearfield® summerrape (Canola, BASF SE, Germany) being tolerant to imidazolinones, e.g.imazamox. Genetic engineering methods have been used to rendercultivated plants, such as soybean, cotton, corn, beets and rape,tolerant to herbicides such as glyphosate and glufosinate, some of whichare commercially available under the trade names RoundupReady®(glyphosate-tolerant, Monsanto, U.S.A.) and LibertyLink®(glufosinate-tolerant, Bayer CropScience, Germany).

Furthermore, plants are also covered that, by the use of recombinant DNAtechniques, are capable to synthesize one or more insecticidal proteins,especially those known from the bacterial genus Bacillus, particularlyfrom Bacillus thuringiensis, such as δ-endotoxins, e.g. CrylA(b),CrylA(c), CrylF, CrylF(a2), CryllA(b), CrylllA, CrylllB(bi) or Cryθc;vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), e.g. VIP1, VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A;insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonizing nematodes, e.g.Photorhabdus spp. or Xenor-habdus spp.; toxins produced by animals, suchas scorpion toxins, arachnid toxins, wasp toxins, or otherinsect-specific neurotoxins; toxins produced by fungi, suchStreptomycetes toxins, plant lectins, such as pea or barley lectins;agglutinins; proteinase inhibitors, such as trypsin inhibitors, serineprotease inhibitors, patatin, cystatin or pa-pain inhibitors;ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP), such as ricin, maize-RIP, abrin,luffin, saporin or bryodin; steroid metabolism enzymes, such as3-hydroxysteroid oxidase, ecdysteroid-IDP-glycosyl-transferase,cholesterol oxidases, ecdysone inhibitors or HMG-CoA-reductase; ionchannel blockers, such as blockers of sodium or calcium channels;juvenile hormone esterase; diuretic hormone receptors (helicokininreceptors); stilbene synthase, bibenzyl synthase, chitinases orglucanases. In the context of the present invention these insecticidalproteins or toxins are to be understood expressly also as pre-toxins,hybrid proteins, truncated or otherwise modified proteins. Hybridproteins are characterized by a new combination of protein domains,(see, e.g. WO 02/015701). Further examples of such toxins or geneticallymodified plants capable of synthesizing such toxins are disclosed, e.g.,in EP-A 374 753, WO 93/007278, WO 95/34656, EP-A 427 529, EP-A 451 878,WO 03/18810 und WO 03/52073. The methods for producing such geneticallymodified plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art andare described, e.g., in the publications mentioned above. Theseinsecticidal proteins contained in the genetically modified plantsimpart to the plants producing these proteins tolerance to harmful pestsfrom all taxonomic groups of arthropods, especially to beetles(Coleoptera), two-winged insects (Diptera), and moths (Lepidoptera) andto nematodes (Nematoda). Genetically modified plants capable tosynthesize one or more insecticidal proteins are, e.g., described in thepublications mentioned above, and some of them are commerciallyavailable such as YieldGard® (corn cultivars producing the CryiAbtoxin), YieldGard® Plus (corn cultivars producing Cry1 Ab and Cry3Bb1toxins), Starlink® (corn cultivars producing the Cry9c toxin), Herculex®RW (corn cultivars producing Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1 and the enzymePhosphinothricin-N-Acetyltransferase [PAT]); NuCOTN® 33B (cottoncultivars producing the Cry1 Ac toxin), Bollgard® I (cotton cultivarsproducing the CryiAc toxin), Bollgard® Il (cotton cultivars producingCryiAc and Cry2Ab2 toxins); VIPCOT® (cotton cultivars producing aVIP-toxin); NewLeaf® (potato cultivars producing the Cry3A toxin);Bt-Xtra®, NatureGard®, KnockOut®, BiteGard®, Protecta®, Bt 1 1 (e.g.Agrisure® CB) and Bt176 from Syngenta Seeds SAS, France, (corn cultivarsproducing the CryiAb toxin and PAT enyzme), MIR604 from Syngenta SeedsSAS, France (corn cultivars producing a modified version of the Cry3Atoxin, c.f. WO 03/018810), MON 863 from Monsanto Europe S.A., Belgium(corn cultivars producing the Cry3Bb1 toxin), IPC 531 from MonsantoEurope S.A., Belgium (cotton cultivars producing a modified version ofthe CryiAc toxin) and 1507 from Pioneer Overseas Corporation, Belgium(corn cultivars producing the Cry1 F toxin and PAT enzyme).

Furthermore, plants are also covered that, by the use of recombinant DNAtechniques, are capable to synthesize one or more proteins to increasethe resistance or tolerance of those plants to bacterial, viral orfungal pathogens. Examples of such proteins are the so-called“pathogenesis-related proteins” (PR proteins, see, e.g. EP-A 392225),plant disease resistance genes (e.g. potato cultivars, which expressresistance genes acting against Phytophthora infestans derived from theMexican wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum) or T4-lysozym (e.g. potatocultivars capable of synthesizing these proteins with increasedresistance against bacteria such as Erwinia amylovora). The methods forproducing such genetically modified plants are generally known to theperson skilled in the art and are described, e.g., in the publicationsmentioned above.

Furthermore, plants are also covered that, by the use of recombinant DNAtechniques, are capable to synthesize one or more proteins to increasethe productivity (e.g. biomass production, grain yield, starch content,oil content or protein content), tolerance to drought, salinity or othergrowth-limiting environmental factors or tolerance to pests and fungal,bacterial or viral pathogens of those plants.

Furthermore, plants are also covered that, by the use of recombinant DNAtechniques, contain a modified amount of substances of content or newsubstances of content, specifically to improve human or animalnutrition, e.g. oil crops that produce health-promoting long-chainomega-3 fatty acids or unsaturated omega-9 fatty acids (e.g. Nexera®rape, DOW Agro Sciences, Canada).

Furthermore, plants are also covered that, by the use of recombinant DNAtechniques, contain a modified amount of substances of content or newsubstances of content, specifically to improve raw material production,e.g. potatoes that produce increased amounts of amylopectin (e.g.Amflora® potato, BASF SE, Germany).

A provided compound and compositions thereof is particularly suitablefor controlling the following plant diseases:

Albugo spp. (white rust) on ornamentals, vegetables (e.g. A. Candida)and sunflowers (e.g. A. tragopogonis); Altemaria spp. (Alternaria leafspot) on vegetables, rape (A. brassicola or brassicae), sugar beets (A.tenuis), fruits, rice, soybeans, potatoes (e.g. A. solani or A.alternata), tomatoes (e.g. A. solani or A. alternata) and wheat;Aphanomyces spp. on sugar beets and vegetables; Ascochyta spp. oncereals and vegetables, e.g. A. tritici (anthracnose) on wheat and A.hordei on barley; Bipolaris and Drechslera spp. (teleomorph:Cochliobolus spp.), e.g. Southern leaf blight (D. maydis) or Northernleaf blight (β. zeicola) on corn, e.g. spot blotch (β. sorokiniana) oncereals and e.g. B. oryzae on rice and turfs; Blumeria (formerlyErysiphe) graminis (powdery mildew) on cereals (e.g. on wheat orbarley); Botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana: greymold) on fruits and berries (e.g. strawberries), vegetables (e.g.lettuce, carrots, celery and cabbages), rape, flowers, vines, forestryplants and wheat; Bremia lactucae (downy mildew) on lettuce;Ceratocystis (syn. Ophiostoma) spp. (rot or wilt) on broad-leaved treesand evergreens, e.g. C. ulmi (Dutch elm disease) on elms; Cercosporaspp. (Cercospora leaf spots) on corn (e.g. Gray leaf spot: C.zeaemaydis), rice, sugar beets (e.g. C. beticola), sugar cane,vegetables, coffee, soybeans (e.g. C. sojina or C. kikuchii) and rice;Cladosporium spp. on tomatoes (e.g. C. fulvum: leaf mold) and cereals,e.g. C. herbarum (black ear) on wheat; Claviceps purpurea (ergot) oncereals; Cochliobolus (anamorph: Helminthosporium of Bipolaris) spp.(leaf spots) on corn (C. carbonum), cereals (e.g. C. sativus, anamorph:B. sorokiniana) and rice (e.g. C. miyabeanus, anamorph: H. oryzae);Colletotrichum (teleomorph: Glomerella) spp. (anthracnose) on cotton(e.g. C. gossypii), corn (e.g. C. graminicola: Anthracnose stalk rot),soft fruits, potatoes (e.g. C. coccodes: black dot), beans (e.g. C.lindemuthianum) and soybeans (e.g. C. truncatum or C. gloeosporioides);Corticium spp., e.g. C. sasakii (sheath blight) on rice; Corynesporacassiicola (leaf spots) on soybeans and ornamentals; Cycloconium spp.,e.g. C. oleaginum on olive trees; Cylindrocarpon spp. (e.g. fruit treecanker or young vine decline, teleomorph: Nectria or Neonectria spp.) onfruit trees, vines (e.g. C. liriodendri, teleomorph: Neonectrialiriodendri. Black Foot Disease) and ornamentals; Dematophora(teleomorph: Rosellinia) necatrix (root and stem rot) on soybeans;Diaporthe spp., e.g. D. phaseolorum (damping off) on soybeans;Drechslera (syn. Helminthosporium, teleomorph: Pyrenophora) spp. oncorn, cereals, such as barley (e.g. D. teres, net blotch) and wheat(e.g. D. tritici-repentis: tan spot), rice and turf; Esca (dieback,apoplexy) on vines, caused by Formitiporia (syn. Phellinus) punctata, F.mediterranea, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (earlier Phaeoacremoniumchlamydosporum), Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and/or Botryosphaeriaobtusa; Elsinoe spp. on pome fruits (E. pyri), soft fruits (E. veneta:anthracnose) and vines (E ampelina: anthracnose); Entyloma oryzae (leafsmut) on rice; Epicoccum spp. (black mold) on wheat; Erysiphe spp.(powdery mildew) on sugar beets (E. betae), vegetables (e.g. E. pisi),such as cucurbits (e.g. E. cichoracearum), cabbages, rape (e.g. E.cruciferarum); Eutypa lata (Eutypa canker or dieback, anamorph:Cytosporina lata, syn. Libertella blepharis) on fruit trees, vines andornamental woods; Exserohilum (syn. Helminthosporium) spp. on corn (e.g.E. turcicum); Fusarium (teleomorph: Gibberella) spp. (wilt, root or stemrot) on various plants, such as F. graminearum or F. culmorum (root rot,scab or head blight) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley), F. oxysporum ontomatoes, F. solani on soybeans and F. verticillioides on corn;Gaeumannomyces graminis (take-all) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley) andcorn; Gibberella spp. on cereals (e.g. G. zeae) and rice (e.g. G.fujikuroi: Bakanae disease); Glomerella cingulata on vines, pome fruitsand other plants and G. gossypii on cotton; Grain-staining complex onrice; Guignardia bidwellii (black rot) on vines; Gymnosporangium spp. onrosaceous plants and junipers, e.g. G. sabinae (rust) on pears;Helminthosporium spp. (syn. Drechslera, teleomorph: Cochliobolus) oncorn, cereals and rice; Hemileia spp., e.g. H. vastatrix (coffee leafrust) on coffee; Isariopsis clavispora (syn. Cladosporium vitis) onvines; Macrophomina phaseolina (syn. phaseoli) (root and stem rot) onsoybeans and cotton; Microdochium (syn. Fusarium) nivale (pink snowmold) on cereals (e.g. wheat or barley); Microsphaera diffusa (powderymildew) on soybeans; Monilinia spp., e.g. M. laxa, M. fructicola and M.fructigena (bloom and twig blight, brown rot) on stone fruits and otherrosaceous plants; Mycosphaerella spp. on cereals, bananas, soft fruitsand ground nuts, such as e.g. M. graminicola (anamorph: Septoriatritici, Septoria blotch) on wheat or M. fijiensis (black Sigatokadisease) on bananas; Peronospora spp. (downy mildew) on cabbage (e.g. P.brassicae), rape (e.g. P. parasitica), onions (e.g. P. destructor),tobacco (P. tabacina) and soybeans (e.g. P. manshurica); Phakopsorapachyrhizi and P. meibomiae (soybean rust) on soybeans; Phialophora spp.e.g. on vines (e.g. P. tracheiphila and P. tetraspora) and soybeans(e.g. P. gregata: stem rot); Phoma lingam (root and stem rot) on rapeand cabbage and P. betae (root rot, leaf spot and damping-off) on sugarbeets; Phomopsis spp. on sunflowers, vines (e.g. P. viticola: can andleaf spot) and soybeans (e.g. stem rot: P. phaseoli, teleomorph:Diaporthe phaseolorum); Physoderma maydis (brown spots) on corn;Phytophthora spp. (wilt, root, leaf, fruit and stem root) on variousplants, such as paprika and cucurbits (e.g. P. capsici), soybeans (e.g.P. megasperma, syn. P. sojae), potatoes and tomatoes (e.g. P. infestans:late blight) and broad-leaved trees (e.g. P. ramorum: sudden oak death);Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root) on cabbage, rape, radish and otherplants; Plasmopara spp., e.g. P. viticola (grapevine downy mildew) onvines and P. halstediiou sunflowers; Podosphaera spp. (powdery mildew)on rosaceous plants, hop, pome and soft fruits, e.g. P. leucotricha onapples; Polymyxa spp., e.g. on cereals, such as barley and wheat (P.graminis) and sugar beets (P. betae) and thereby transmitted viraldiseases; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (eyespot, teleomorph:Tapesia yallundae) on cereals, e.g. wheat or barley; Pseudoperonospora(downy mildew) on various plants, e.g. P. cubensis on cucurbits or P.humili on hop; Pseudopezicula tracheiphila (red fire disease or,rotbrenner, anamorph: Phialophora) on vines; Puccinia spp. (rusts) onvarious plants, e.g. P. triticina (brown or leaf rust), P. striiformis(stripe or yellow rust), P. hordei (dwarf rust), P. graminis (stem orblack rust) or P. recondita (brown or leaf rust) on cereals, such ase.g. wheat, barley or rye, and asparagus (e.g. P. asparagi); Pyrenophora(anamorph: Drechslera) triticirepentis (tan spot) on wheat or P. feres(net blotch) on barley; Pyricularia spp., e.g. P. oryzae (teleomorph:Magnaporthe grisea, rice blast) on rice and P. grisea on turf andcereals; Pythium spp. (damping-off) on turf, rice, corn, wheat, cotton,rape, sunflowers, soybeans, sugar beets, vegetables and various otherplants (e.g. P. ultimum or P. aphanidermatum); Ramularia spp., e.g. R.collo-cygni (Ramularia leaf spots, Physiological leaf spots) on barleyand R. beticola on sugar beets; Rhizoctonia spp. on cotton, rice,potatoes, turf, corn, rape, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetables andvarious other plants, e.g. R. solani (root and stem rot) on soybeans, R.solani (sheath blight) on rice or R. cerealis (Rhizoctonia springblight) on wheat or barley; Rhizopus stolonifer (black mold, soft rot)on strawberries, carrots, cabbage, vines and tomatoes; Rhynchosporiumsecalis (scald) on barley, rye and triticale; Sarocladium oryzae and S.attenuatum (sheath rot) on rice; Sclerotinia spp. (stem rot or whitemold) on vegetables and field crops, such as rape, sunflowers (e.g. S.sclerotiorum) and soybeans (e.g. S. rolfsii or S. sclerotiorum);Septoria spp. on various plants, e.g. S. glycines (brown spot) onsoybeans, S. tritici (Septoria blotch) on wheat and S. (syn.Stagonospora) nodorum (Stagonospora blotch) on cereals; Uncinula (syn.Erysiphe) necator (powdery mildew, anamorph: Oidium tuckeri) on vines;Setospaeria spp. (leaf blight) on corn (e.g. S. turcicum, syn.Helminthosporium turcicum) and turf; Sphacelotheca spp. (smut) on corn,(e.g. S. miliaria: head smut), sorghum and sugar cane; Sphaerothecafuliginea (powdery mildew) on cucurbits; Spongospora subterranea(powdery scab) on potatoes and thereby transmitted viral diseases;Stagonospora spp. on cereals, e.g. S. nodorum (Stagonospora blotch,teleomorph: Leptosphaeria [syn. Phaeosphaeria] nodorum) on wheat;Synchytrium endobioticum on potatoes (potato wart disease); Taphrinaspp., e.g. T. deformans (leaf curl disease) on peaches and T. pruni(plum pocket) on plums; Thielaviopsis spp. (black root rot) on tobacco,pome fruits, vegetables, soybeans and cotton, e.g. T. basicola (syn.Chalara elegans); Tilletia spp. (common bunt or stinking smut) oncereals, such as e.g. T. tritici (syn. T. caries, wheat bunt) and T.controversa (dwarf bunt) on wheat; Typhula incamata (grey snow mold) onbarley or wheat; Urocystis spp., e.g. U. occulta (stem smut) on rye;Uromyces spp. (rust) on vegetables, such as beans (e.g. U.appendiculatus, syn. U. phaseoli) and sugar beets (e.g. U. betae);Ustilago spp. (loose smut) on cereals (e.g. U. nuda and U. avaenae),corn (e.g. U. maydis: corn smut) and sugar cane; Venturia spp. (scab) onapples (e.g. V. inaequalis) and pears; and Verticillium spp. (wilt) onvarious plants, such as fruits and ornamentals, vines, soft fruits,vegetables and field crops, e.g. V. dahliae on strawberries, rape,potatoes and tomatoes.

A provided compound or compositions thereof is also suitable forcontrolling harmful fungi in the protection of stored products orharvest and in the protection of materials. The term “protection ofmaterials” is to be understood to denote the protection of technical andnon-living materials, such as adhesives, glues, wood, paper andpaperboard, textiles, leather, paint dispersions, plastics, collinglubricants, fiber or fabrics, against the infestation and destruction byharmful microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria. As to the protectionof wood and other materials, the particular attention is paid to thefollowing harmful fungi: Ascomycetes such as Ophiostoma spp.,Ceratocystis spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Sclerophoma spp., Chaetomiumspp., Humicola spp., Petriella spp., Trichurus spp.; Basidiomycetes suchas Coniophora spp., Coriolus spp., Gloeophyllum spp., Lentinus spp.,Pleurotus spp., Poria spp., Serpula spp. and Tyromyces spp.,Deuteromycetes such as Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Penicilliumspp., Trichorma spp., Altemaria spp., Paecilomyces spp. and Zygomycetessuch as Mucor spp., and in addition in the protection of stored productsand harvest the following yeast fungi are worthy of note: Candida spp.and Saccharomyces cerevisae.

A provided compound or compositions thereof may be used for improvingthe health of a plant. The invention also relates to a method forimproving plant health by treating a plant, its propagation materialand/or the locus where the plant is growing or is to grow with aneffective amount of a provided compound or composition thereof.

The term “plant health” is to be understood to denote a condition of theplant and/or its products which is determined by several indicatorsalone or in combination with each other such as yield (e.g. increasedbiomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients), plant vigor(e.g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves (“greening effect”)),quality (e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients)and tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress. The above identifiedindicators for the health condition of a plant may be interdependent ormay result from each other.

A provided compound can be present in different crystal modificationswhose biological activity may differ. They are likewise subject matterof the present invention.

A provided compound is employed as such or in form of a composition bytreating the fungi or the plants, plant propagation materials, such asseeds, soil, surfaces, materials or rooms to be protected from fungalattack with a fungicidally effective amount of the active substances.The application can be carried out both before and after the infectionof the plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, soil,surfaces, materials or rooms by the fungi.

Plant propagation materials may be treated with a provided compound orcomposition thereof comprising at least one provided compoundprophylactically either at or before planting or transplanting.

The invention also relates to agrochemical compositions comprising asolvent or solid carrier and at least one provided compound and to theuse for controlling harmful fungi.

An agrochemical composition comprises a fungicidally effective amount ofa provided compound. The term “effective amount” denotes an amount of aprovided compound or composition thereof, which is sufficient forcontrolling harmful fungi on cultivated plants or in the protection ofmaterials and which does not result in a substantial damage to thetreated plants. Such an amount can vary in a broad range and isdependent on various factors, such as the fungal species to becontrolled, the treated cultivated plant or material, the climaticconditions and the specific compound used.

A provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can beconverted into customary types of agrochemical compositions, e.g.solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes and granules.The composition type depends on the particular intended purpose; in eachcase, it should ensure a fine and uniform distribution of the providedcompound.

Examples for composition types are suspensions (SC, OD, FS),emulsifiable concentrates (EC), emulsions (EW, EO, ES), pastes,pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (WP, SP, SS, WS, DP, DS) orgranules (GR, FG, GG, MG), which can be water-soluble or wettable, aswell as gel formulations for the treatment of plant propagationmaterials such as seeds (GF).

Usually the composition types (e.g. SC, OD, FS, EC, WG, SG, WP, SP, SS,WS, GF) are employed diluted. Composition types such as DP, DS, GR, FG,GG and MG are usually used undiluted.

The compositions are prepared in a known manner (cf. U.S. Pat. No.3,060,084, EP-A 707 445 (for liquid concentrates), Browning:“Agglomeration”, Chemical Engineering, Dec. 4, 1967, 147-48, Perry'sChemical Engineer's Handbook, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963, pp.8-57 et seq., WO 91/13546, U.S. Pat. No. 4,172,714, U.S. Pat. No.4,144,050, U.S. Pat. No. 3,920,442, U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,587, U.S. Pat.No. 5,232,701, U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,030, GB 2,095,558, U.S. Pat. No.3,299,566, Klingman: Weed Control as a Science (J. Wiley & Sons, NewYork, 1961), Hance et al.: Weed Control Handbook (8th Ed., BlackwellScientific, Oxford, 1989) and Mollet, H. and Grubemann, A.: Formulationtechnology (Wiley VCH Verlag, Weinheim, 2001).

The agrochemical compositions may also comprise auxiliaries which arecustomary in agrochemical compositions. The auxiliaries used depend onthe particular application form and active substance, respectively.

Examples for suitable auxiliaries are solvents, solid carriers,dispersants or emulsifiers (such as further solubilizers, protectivecolloids, surfactants and adhesion agents), organic and inorganicthickeners, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, ifappropriate colorants and tackifiers or binders (e.g. for seed treatmentformulations). Suitable solvents are water, organic solvents such asmineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, such as keroseneor diesel oil, furthermore coal tar oils and oils of vegetable or animalorigin, aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. toluene,xylene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes or theirderivatives, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol andcyclohexanol, glycols, ketones such as cyclohexanone andgamma-butyrolactone, fatty acid dimethylamides, fatty acids and fattyacid esters and strongly polar solvents, e.g. amines such asN-methylpyrrolidone.

Solid carriers are mineral earths such as silicates, silica gels, talc,kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, bole, loess, clays, dolomite,diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide,ground synthetic materials, fertilizers, such as, e.g., ammoniumsulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas, and products ofvegetable origin, such as cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal andnutshell meal, cellulose powders and other solid carriers.

Suitable surfactants (adjuvants, wetters, tackifiers, dispersants oremulsifiers) are alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and ammonium saltsof aromatic sulfonic acids, such as ligninsulfonic acid (Borresperse®types, Borregard, Norway) phenolsulfonic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid(Morwet® types, Akzo Nobel, U.S.A.), dibutylnaphthalene-sulfonic acid(Nekal® types, BASF, Germany), and fatty acids, alkylsulfonates,alkyl-arylsulfonates, alkyl sulfates, laurylether sulfates, fattyalcohol sulfates, and sulfated hexa-, hepta- and octadecanolates,sulfated fatty alcohol glycol ethers, furthermore condensates ofnaphthalene or of naphthalenesulfonic acid with phenol and formaldehyde,polyoxy-ethylene octylphenyl ether, ethoxylated isooctylphenol,octylphenol, nonylphenol, alkylphenyl polyglycol ethers, tributylphenylpolyglycol ether, tristearyl-phenyl polyglycol ether, alkylarylpolyether alcohols, alcohol and fatty alcohol/ethylene oxidecondensates, ethoxylated castor oil, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers,ethoxylated polyoxypropylene, lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetal,sorbitol esters, lignin-sulfite waste liquors and proteins, denaturedproteins, polysaccharides (e.g. methylcellulose), hydrophobicallymodified starches, polyvinyl alcohols (Mowiol® types, Clariant,Switzerland), polycarboxylates (Sokolan® types, BASF, Germany),polyalkoxylates, polyvinyl-amines (Lupasol® types, BASF, Germany),polyvinylpyrrolidone and the copolymers therof.

Examples for thickeners (i.e. compounds that impart a modifiedflowability to compositions, i.e. high viscosity under static conditionsand low viscosity during agitation) are polysaccharides and organic andinorganic clays such as Xanthan gum (Kelzan®, CP Kelco, U.S.A.),Rhodopol® 23 (Rhodia, France), Veegum® (RT. Vanderbilt, U.S.A.) orAttaclay® (Engelhard Corp., N.J., USA).

Bactericides may be added for preservation and stabilization of thecomposition. Examples for suitable bactericides are those based ondichlorophene and benzylalcohol hemi formal (Proxel® from ICI orActicide® RS from Thor Chemie and Kathon® MK from Rohm & Haas) andisothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazolinones andbenzisothiazolinones (Acticide® MBS from Thor Chemie).

Examples for suitable anti-freezing agents are ethylene glycol,propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.

Examples for anti-foaming agents are silicone emulsions (such as e.g.Silikon® SRE, Wacker, Germany or Rhodorsil®, Rhodia, France), long chainalcohols, fatty acids, salts of fatty acids, fluoroorganic compounds andmixtures thereof.

Suitable colorants are pigments of low water solubility andwater-soluble dyes. Examples to be mentioned und the designationsrhodamin B, C. I. pigment red 112, C. I. solvent red 1, pigment blue15:4, pigment blue 15:3, pigment blue 15:2, pigment blue 15:1, pigmentblue 80, pigment yellow 1, pigment yellow 13, pigment red 112, pigmentred 48:2, pigment red 48:1, pigment red 57:1, pigment red 53:1, pigmentorange 43, pigment orange 34, pigment orange 5, pigment green 36,pigment green 7, pigment white 6, pigment brown 25, basic violet 10,basic violet 49, acid red 51, acid red 52, acid red 14, acid blue 9,acid yellow 23, basic red 10, basic red 108.

Examples for tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidones,polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols and cellulose ethers (Tylose®,Shin-Etsu, Japan).

Powders, materials for spreading and dusts can be prepared by mixing orconcomitantly grinding a provided compound and, if appropriate, furtheractive substances, with at least one solid carrier.

Granules, e.g. coated granules, impregnated granules and homogeneousgranules, can be prepared by binding the active substances to solidcarriers. Examples of solid carriers are mineral earths such as silicagels, silicates, talc, kaolin, attaclay, limestone, lime, chalk, bole,loess, clay, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate, magnesiumsulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic materials, fertilizers, suchas, e.g., ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas,and products of vegetable origin, such as cereal meal, tree bark meal,wood meal and nutshell meal, cellulose powders and other solid carriers.

Examples for composition types include, but are not limited to: 1.Composition types for dilution with water, i) Water-soluble concentrates(SL, LS): 10 parts by weight of a provided compound are dissolved in 90parts by weight of water or in a water-soluble solvent. As analternative, wetting agents or other auxiliaries are added. The activesubstance dissolves upon dilution with water. In this way, a compositionhaving a content of 10% by weight of active substance is obtained. ii)Dispersible concentrates (DC): 20 parts by weight of a provided compoundare dissolved in 70 parts by weight of cyclohexanone with addition of 10parts by weight of a dispersant, e.g. polyvinylpyrrolidone. Dilutionwith water gives a dispersion. The active substance content is 20% byweight. iii) Emulsifiable concentrates (EC): 15 parts by weight of aprovided compound are dissolved in 75 parts by weight of xylene withaddition of calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate(in each case 5 parts by weight). Dilution with water gives an emulsion.The composition has an active substance content of 15% by weight. iv)Emulsions (EW, EO, ES): 25 parts by weight of a provided compound aredissolved in 35 parts by weight of xylene with addition of calciumdodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate (in each case 5 partsby weight). This mixture is introduced into 30 parts by weight of waterby means of an emulsifying machine (Ultraturrax) and made into ahomogeneous emulsion. Dilution with water gives an emulsion. Thecomposition has an active substance content of 25% by weight. v)Suspensions (SC, OD, FS): In an agitated ball mill, 20 parts by weightof a provided compound are comminuted with addition of 10 parts byweight of dispersants and wetting agents and 70 parts by weight of wateror an organic solvent to give a fine active sub-stance suspension.Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active substance.The active substance content in the composition is 20% by weight. vi)Water-dispersible granules and water-soluble granules (WG, SG) 50 partsby weight of a provided compound are ground finely with addition of 50parts by weight of dispersants and wetting agents and prepared aswater-dispersible or water-soluble granules by means of technicalappliances (e.g. extrusion, spray tower, fluidized bed). Dilution withwater gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance. Thecomposition has an active substance content of 50% by weight. vii)Water-dispersible powders and water-soluble powders (WP, SP, SS, WS) 75parts by weight of a provided compound are ground in a rotor-stator millwith addition of 25 parts by weight of dispersants, wetting agents andsilica gel. Dilution with water gives a stable dispersion or solution ofthe active substance. The active substance content of the composition is75% by weight. viii) Gel (GF): In an agitated ball mill, 20 parts byweight of a provided compound are comminuted with addition of 10 partsby weight of dispersants, 1 part by weight of a gelling agent wettersand 70 parts by weight of water or of an organic solvent to give a finesuspension of the active substance. Dilution with water gives a stablesuspension of the active substance, whereby a composition with 20% (w/w)of active substance is obtained.

2. Composition types to be applied undiluted: ix) Dustable powders (DP,DS): 5 parts by weight of a provided compound are ground finely andmixed intimately with 95 parts by weight of finely divided kaolin. Thisgives a dustable composition having an active substance content of 5% byweight. x) Granules (GR, FG, GG, MG): 0.5 parts by weight of a providedcompound are ground finely and associated with 99.5 parts by weight ofcarriers. Current methods are extrusion, spray-drying or the fluidizedbed. This gives granules to be applied undiluted having an activesubstance content of 0.5% by weight. xi) ULV solutions (UL) 10 parts byweight of a provided compound are dissolved in 90 parts by weight of anorganic solvent, e.g. xylene. This gives a composition to be appliedundiluted having an active substance content of 10% by weight.

The agrochemical compositions generally comprise between 0.01 and 95%,preferably between 0.1 and 90%, most preferably between 0.5 and 90%, byweight of active substance. The active substances are employed in apurity of from 90% to 100%, preferably from 95% to 100% (according toNMR spectrum).

Water-soluble concentrates (LS), flowable concentrates (FS), powders fordry treatment (DS), water-dispersible powders for slurry treatment (WS),water-soluble powders (SS), emulsions (ES) emulsifiable concentrates(EC) and gels (GF) are usually employed for the purposes of treatment ofplant propagation materials, particularly seeds. These compositions canbe applied to plant propagation materials, particularly seeds, dilutedor undiluted. The compositions in question give, after two-to-tenfolddilution, active substance concentrations of from 0.01 to 60% by weight,preferably from 0.1 to 40% by weight, in the ready-to-use preparations.Application can be carried out before or during sowing. Methods forapplying or treating a provided agrochemical compound or compositionthereof on to plant propagation material, especially seeds, are known inthe art, and include dressing, coating, pelleting, dusting, soaking andin-furrow application methods of the propagation material. In apreferred embodiment, a provided compound or composition thereof isapplied on to the plant propagation material by a method such thatgermination is not induced, e.g. by seed dressing, pelleting, coatingand dusting.

In a preferred embodiment, a suspension-type (FS) composition is usedfor seed treatment. Typically, a FS composition may comprise 1-800 g/lof active substance, 1-200 g/l Surfactant, 0 to 200 g/l antifreezingagent, 0 to 400 g/l of binder, 0 to 200 g/l of a pigment and up to 1liter of a solvent, preferably water.

The active substances can be used as such or in the form of theircompositions, e.g. in the form of directly sprayable solutions, powders,suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, dispersions, pastes, dustableproducts, materials for spreading, or granules, by means of spraying,atomizing, dusting, spreading, brushing, immersing or pouring. Theapplication forms depend entirely on the intended purposes; it isintended to ensure in each case the finest possible distribution of theactive substances according to the invention. Aqueous application formscan be prepared from emulsion concentrates, pastes or wettable powders(sprayable powders, oil dispersions) by adding water. To prepareemulsions, pastes or oil dispersions, the substances, as such ordissolved in an oil or solvent, can be homogenized in water by means ofa wetter, tackifier, dispersant or emulsifier. Alternatively, it ispossible to prepare concentrates composed of active substance, wetter,tackifier, dispersant or emulsifier and, if appropriate, solvent or oil,and such concentrates are suitable for dilution with water.

The active substance concentrations in the ready-to-use preparations canbe varied within relatively wide ranges. In general, they are from0.0001 to 10%, preferably from 0.001 to 1% by weight of activesubstance.

The active substances may also be used successfully in theultra-low-volume process (ULV), it being possible to apply compositionscomprising over 95% by weight of active substance, or even to apply theactive substance without additives.

When employed in plant protection, the amounts of active substancesapplied are, depending on the kind of effect desired, from 0.001 to 2 kgper ha, preferably from 0.005 to 2 kg per ha, more preferably from 0.05to 0.9 kg per ha, in particular from 0.1 to 0.75 kg per ha.

In treatment of plant propagation materials such as seeds, e.g. bydusting, coating or drenching seed, amounts of active substance of from0.1 to 1000 g, preferably from 1 to 1000 g, more preferably from 1 to100 g and most preferably from 5 to 100 g, per 100 kilogram of plantpropagation material (preferably seed) are generally required.

When used in the protection of materials or stored products, the amountof active substance applied depends on the kind of application area andon the desired effect. Amounts customarily applied in the protection ofmaterials are, e.g., 0.001 g to 2 kg, preferably 0.005 g to 1 kg, ofactive substance per cubic meter of treated material.

Various types of oils, wetters, adjuvants, herbicides, bactericides,other fungicides and/or pesticides may be added to the active substancesor the compositions comprising them, if appropriate not untilimmediately prior to use (tank mix). These agents can be admixed withthe compositions according to the invention in a weight ratio of 1:100to 100:1, preferably 1:10 to 10:1.

Adjuvants which can be used are in particular organic modifiedpolysiloxanes such as Break Thru S 240®; alcohol alkoxylates such asAtplus 245®, Atplus MBA 1303®, Plurafac LF 300® and Lutensol ON 30®;EO/PO block polymers, e.g. Pluronic RPE 2035® and Genapol B®; alcoholethoxylates such as Lutensol XP 80®; and dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodiumsuch as Leophen RA®.

The compositions according to the invention can, in the use form asfungicides, also be present together with other active substances, e.g.with pesticides, growth regulators, fungicides or else with fertilizers,as pre-mix or, if appropriate, not until immediately prior to use (tankmix). The pesticide may be, for example, an insecticide, a fungicide, anherbicide, or an additional nematicide. The composition may alsocomprise one or more additional active substances, including biologicalcontrol agents, microbial extracts, natural products, plant growthactivators and/or plant defense agents.

Mixing a provided compound or compositions thereof in the use form asfungicides with other fungicides results in many cases in an expansionof the fungicidal spectrum of activity being obtained or in a preventionof fungicide resistance development. Furthermore, in many cases,synergistic effects are obtained.

The following list of active substances, in conjunction with which thecompounds according to the invention can be used, is intended toillustrate the possible combinations but does not limit them:

A) strobilurins azoxystrobin, coumoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin,enestroburin, enoxastrobin, fenaminstrobin, fluoxastrobin,flufenoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, mandestrobin, metominostrobin,orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin,pyraoxystrobin, pyribencarb, trifloxystrobin,2-(2-(6-(3-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxy)-5-fluoro-pyrimidin-4-yloxy)-phenyl)-2-methoxyimino-N-methyl-acetamide,3-methoxy-2-(2-(N-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-cyclopropane-carboximidoylsulfanylmethyl)-phenyl)-acrylic acid methyl ester, methyl(2-chloro-5-[1-(3-methylbenzyloxyimino)ethyl]benzyl)carbamate and2-(2-(3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-allylideneaminooxymethyl)-phenyl)-2-methoxyimino-N-methyl-acetamide;

B) carboxamides and carboxanilides: benalaxyl, benalaxyl-M, benodanil,benzovindiflupyr, bixafen, boscalid, carboxin, fenfuram, fenhexamid,fluindapyr, flutolanil, fluxapyroxad, furametpyr, isopyrazam, isotianil,kiralaxyl, mepronil, metalaxyl, metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam), ofurace,oxadixyl, oxycarboxin, oxathiapiprolin, penflufen, penthiopyrad,pydiflumetofen, sedaxane, tecloftalam, thifluzamide, tiadinil,2-amino-4-methyl-thiazole-5-carboxanilide,2-chloro-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-indan-4-yl)-nicotinamide,N-(3′,4′,5′-trifluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,N-(4′-trifluoromethylthiobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,N-(2-(1,3-dimethyl-butyl)-phenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-fluoro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide andN-(2-(1,3,3-trimethyl-butyl)-phenyl)-1,3-dimethyl-5-fluoro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide;carboxylic morpholides: dimethomorph, flumorph, pyrimorph; benzoic acidamides: flumetover, fluopicolide, fluopyram, zoxamide,N-(3-ethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-cyclohexyl)-3-formylamino-2-hydroxy-benzamide;other carboxamides: carpropamid, dicyclomet, mandiproamid,oxytetracyclin, silthiofam and N-(6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid amide;

C) azoles and triazoles: ametoctradin, azaconazole, bitertanol,bromuconazole, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, diniconazole,diniconazole-M, epoxiconazole, fenbuconazole, fluquinconazole,flusilazole, flutriafol, flutriazole, hexaconazole, imibenconazole,ipconazole, metconazole, myclobutanil, oxpoconazole, paclobutrazole,penconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole, simeconazole, tebuconazole,tetraconazole, triadimefon, triadimenol, triticonazole, uniconazole,1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2-([1,2,4]triazol-1-yl)-cycloheptanol; imidazoles:cyazofamid, imazalil, pefurazoate, prochloraz, triflumizol;benzimidazoles: benomyl, carbendazim, fuberidazole,thiabendazole;—others: ethaboxam, etridiazole, hymexazole and2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-N-[4-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-isoxazol-5-yl]-2-prop-2-ynyloxy-acetamide;

D) heterocyclic compounds pyridines: fluazinam, pyrifenox,triclopyricarb,3-[5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine,3-[5-(4-methyl-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine,2,3,5,6-tetra-chloro-4-methanesulfonyl-pyridine,3,4,5-trichloropyridine-2,6-di-carbonitrile,N-(1-(5-bromo-3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-ethyl)-2,4-dichloronicotinamide,N-[(5-bromo-3-chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-methyl]-2,4-dichloro-nicotinamide;pyrimidines: bupirimate, cyprodinil, diflumetorim, fenarimol, ferimzone,mepanipyrim, nitrapyrin, nuarimol, pyrimethanil; piperazines: triforine;pyrroles: fenpiclonil, fludioxonil; morpholines: aldimorph, dodemorph,dodemorph-acetate, fenpropimorph, tridemorph; piperidines:fenpropidin;—dicarboximides: fluoroimid, iprodione, procymidone,vinclozolin;—non-aromatic 5-membered heterocycles: famoxadone,fenamidone, flutianil, octhilinone, probenazole,5-amino-2-isopropyl-3-oxo-4-ortho-tolyl-2,3-dihydro-pyrazole-1-carbothioicacid S-allyl ester; others: acibenzolar-S-methyl, amisulbrom, anilazin,blasticidin-S, captafol, captan, chinomethionat, dazomet, debacarb,diclomezine, difenzoquat, difenzoquat-methyl sulfate, fenoxanil, Folpet,oxolinic acid, piperalin, proquinazid, pyroquilon, quinoxyfen,triazoxide, tricyclazole, 2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propylchromen-4-one,5-chloro-1-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole,5-chloro-7-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidineand 5-ethyl-6-octyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-ylamine;

E) carbamates thio- and dithiocarbamates: ferbam, mancozeb, maneb,metam, methasulfocarb, methasulphocarb, metiram, propineb, prothiocarb,thiram, zineb, ziram; carbamates: benthiavalicarb, diethofencarb,iprovalicarb, propamocarb, propamocarb hydrochloride, valiphenal andN-(1-(1-(4-cyano-phenyl)ethanesulfonyl)-but-2-yl) carbamicacid-(4-fluorophenyl) ester;

F) other active substances—guanidines: guanidine, dodine, dodine freebase, guazatine, guazatine-acetate, iminoctadine,iminoctadine-triacetate, iminoctadine-tris(albesilate);—antibiotics:kasugamycin, kasugamycin hydrochloride-hydrate, streptomycin, polyoxine,validamycin A; nitrophenyl derivates: binapacryl, dinobuton, dinocap,nitrthal-isopropyl, tecnazene, organometal compounds: fentin salts, suchas fentin-acetate, fentin chloride or fentinhydroxide;—sulfur-containing heterocyclyl compounds: dithianon,isoprothiolane; organophosphorus compounds: edifenphos, fosetyl,fosetyl-aluminum, iproben-fos, phosphorous acid and its salts,pyrazophos, tolclofos-methyl; organochlorine compounds: chlorothalonil,dichlofluanid, dichlorophen, flusulfamide, hexachlorobenzene,pencycuron, pentachlorphenole and its salts, phthalide, quintozene,thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl, tolylfluanid,N-(4-chloro-2-nitro-phenyl)-N-ethyl-4-methyl-benzenesulfonamide;inorganic active substances: Bordeaux mixture, copper acetate, copperhydroxide, copper oxychloride, basic copper sulfate, sulfur; biphenyl,bronopol, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, diphenylamin, metrafenone,mildiomycin, oxin-copper, prohexadione-calcium, spiroxamine,tolylfluanid,N-(cyclopropylmethoxyimino-(6-difluoro-methoxy-2,3-difluoro-phenyl)-methyl)-2-phenylacetamide,N′-(4-(4-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine,N′-(4-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine,N′-(2-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine,N′-(5-difluoromethyl-2-methyl-4-(3-trimethylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methylformamidine,2-{1-[2-(5-methyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyrazole-1-yl)-acetyl]-piperidin-4-yl}-thiazole-4-carboxylicacid methyl-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalen-1-yl)-amide,2-{1-[2-(5-methyl-S-trifluoromethyl-pyrazole-i-yO-acetŷ-piperidin̂-ylJ-thiazolê-carboxylicacid methyl-(R)-1, 2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalen-1-yl-amide, acetic acid6-tert-butyl-8-fluoro-2,3-dimethyl-quinolin-4-yl ester andmethoxy-acetic acid 6-tert-butyl-8-fluoro-2,3-dimethyl-quinolin-4-ylester.

G) growth regulators abscisic acid, amidochlor, ancymidol,6-benzylaminopurine, brassinolide, butralin, chlormequat (chlormequatchloride), choline chloride, cyclanilide, daminozide, dikegulac,dimethipin, 2,6-dimethylpuridine, ethephon, flumetralin, flurprimidol,fluthiacet, forchlorfenuron, gibberellic acid, inabenfide,indole-3-acetic acid, maleic hydrazide, mefluidide, mepiquat (mepiquatchloride), naphthaleneacetic acid, N-6-benzyladenine, paclobutrazol,prohexadione (prohexadione-calcium), prohydrojasmon, thidiazuron,triapenthenol, tributyl phosphorotrithioate, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid,trinexapac-ethyl and uniconazole;

H) herbicides—acetamides: acetochlor, alachlor, butachlor, dimethachlor,dimethenamid, flufenacet, mefenacet, metolachlor, metazachlor,napropamide, naproanilide, pethoxamid, pretilachlor, propachlor,thenylchlor;—amino acid derivatives: bilanafos, glyphosate, glufosinate,sulfosate;—aryloxyphenoxypropionates: chlorazifop, clodinafop, clofop,cyhalofop, diclofop, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop, fenoxaprop-P,fenthiaprop, fluazifop, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop, haloxyfop-P,isoxapyrifop, kuicaoxi, metamifop, propaquizafop, quizalofop,quizalofop-P, quizalofop-P-tefuryl, trifop;—Bipyridyls: diquat,paraquat; (thio)carbamates: asulam, butylate, carbetamide, desmedipham,dimepiperate, eptam (EPTC), esprocarb, molinate, orbencarb,phenmedipham, prosulfocarb, pyributicarb, thiobencarb,triallate;—cyclohexanediones: alloxydim, butroxydim, clethodim,cloproxydim, cycloxydim, pinoxaden; profoxydim, sethoxydim,tepraloxydim, tralkoxydim;—dinitroanilines: benfluralin, ethalfluralin,oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, trifluralin;—diphenyl ethers:acifluorfen, aclonifen, bifenox, diclofop, ethoxyfen, fomesafen,lactofen, oxyfluorfen; hydroxybenzonitriles: bomoxynil, dichlobenil,ioxynil;—imidazolinones: imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr,imazaquin, imazethapyr;—phenoxy acetic acids: clomeprop,2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, MCPA,MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, Mecoprop; pyrazines: chloridazon, flufenpyr-ethyl,fluthiacet, norflurazon, pyridate;—pyridines: aminopyralid, clopyralid,diflufenican, dithiopyr, fluridone, fluroxypyr, picloram, picolinafen,thiazopyr, triclopyr;—sulfonyl ureas: amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron,bensulfuron, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron,cyclosulfamuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flucetosulfuron,flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, imazosulfuron,iodosulfuron, mesosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron,oxasulfuron, primisulfuron, prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, rimsulfuron,sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron, triasulfuron, tribenuron,trifloxysulfuron, triflusulfuron, tritosulfuron,1-((2-chloro-6-propyl-imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-yl)sulfonyl)-3-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrmidin-2-yl)urea;—triazines:ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, dimethametryn, ethiozin, hexazinone,metamitron, metribuzin, prometryn, simazine, terbuthylazine, terbutryn,triaziflam;—ureas: chlorotoluron, daimuron, diuron, fluometuron,isoproturon, linuron, methabenzthiazuron, tebuthiuron;—otheracetolactate synthase inhibitors: bispyribac-sodium, cloransulam-methyl,diclosulam, florasulam, flucarbazone, flumetsulam, metosulam,ortho-sulfamuron, penoxsulam, propoxycarbazone, pyribambenz-propyl,pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac,pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam;—others: amicarbazone, aminotriazole,anilofos, beflubutamid, benazolin, bencarbazone, benfluresate,benzofenap, bentazone, benzobicyclon, bromacil, bromobutide,butafenacil, butamifos, cafenstrole, carfentrazone, cinidon-ethlyl,chlorthal-dimethyl, cinmethylin, clomazone, cumyluron, cyprosulfamide,dicamba, difenzoquat, diflufenzopyr, Drechslera monoceras, endothal,ethofumesate, etobenzanid, fentrazamide, flumiclorac-pentyl,flumioxazin, flupoxam, flurochloridone, flurtamone, halauxifen,indanofan, isoxaben, isoxaflutole, lenacil, propanil, propyzamide,quinclorac, quinmerac, mesotrione, methyl arsonic acid, naptalam,oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxaziclomefone, pentoxazone, pinoxaden,pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrasulfotole, pyrazoxyfen, pyrazolynate,quinoclamine, saflufenacil, sulcotrione, sulfentrazone, terbacil,tefuryltrione, tembotrione, thiencarbazone, topramezone,4-hydroxy-3-[2-(2-methoxy-ethoxymethyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-pyridine-3-carbonyl]-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2-one,(3-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-trifluoromethyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)-phenoxy]-pyridin-2-yloxy)-aceticacid ethyl ester,1,5-dimethyl-6-thioxo-3-(2,2,7-trifluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-4-prop-2-ynyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4-dione(trifludimoxazin),6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropyl-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid methylester, 6-chloro-3-(2-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-phenoxy)-pyridazin-4-ol,4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-phenyl)-5-fluoro-pyridine-2-carboxylicacid,4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxy-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylicacid methyl ester, and4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-3-dimethylamino-2-fluoro-phenyl)-pyridine-2-carboxylicacid methyl ester.

I) insecticides and nematicides—organo(thio)phosphates: acephate,azamethiphos, azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl,chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dichlorvos, dicrotophos, dimethoate,disulfoton, ethion, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, isoxathion,malathion, methamidophos, methidathion, methyl-parathion, mevinphos,monocrotophos, oxydemeton-methyl, paraoxon, parathion, phenthoate,phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon, phorate, phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl,profenofos, prothiofos, sulprophos, tetrachlorvinphos, terbufos,triazophos, trichlorfon;—carbamates: alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb,benfuracarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, fenoxycarb,furathiocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur,thiodicarb, triazamate;—pyrethroids: allethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin,cyhalothrin, cyphenothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin,beta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate,etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin,permethrin, prallethrin, pyrethrin I and II, resmethrin, silafluofen,tau-fluvalinate, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin, transfluthrin,profluthrin, dimefluthrin;—insect growth regulators: a) chitin synthesisinhibitors: benzoylureas: chlorfluazuron, cyramazin, diflubenzuron,flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron,teflubenzuron, triflumuron; buprofezin, diofenolan, hexythiazox,etoxazole, clofentazine; b) ecdysone antagonists: halofenozide,methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, azadirachtin; c) juvenoids: pyriproxyfen,methoprene, fenoxycarb; d) lipid biosynthesis inhibitors: spirodiclofen,spiromesifen, spirotetramat;—nicotinic receptor agonists/antagonistscompounds: clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam,nitenpyram, acetamiprid, thiacloprid,1-(2-chloro-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-2-nitrimino-3,5-dimethyl-[1,3,5]triazinane;—GABAantagonist compounds: endosulfan, ethiprole, fipronil, vaniliprole,pyrafluprole, pyriprole,5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-4-sulfinamoyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbothioicacid amide; macrocyclic lactone insecticides: abamectin, emamectin,milbemectin, lepimectin, spinosad, spinetoram;—mitochondrial electrontransport inhibitor (METI) I acaricides: fenazaquin, pyrida-ben,tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad, flufenerim;—METI II and III compounds:acequinocyl, fluacyprim, hydramethylnon;—Uncouplers:chlorfenapyr;—oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors: cyhexatin,diafenthiuron, fenbutatin oxide, propargite;—moulting disruptorcompounds: cryomazine; mixed function oxidase inhibitors: piperonylbutoxide; sodium channel blockers: indoxacarb, metaflumizone;—others:benclothiaz, bifenazate, cartap, flonicamid, pyridalyl, pymetrozine,sulfur, thiocyclam, flubendiamide, chlorantraniliprole, cyazypyr(HGW86), cyenopyrafen, flupyrazofos, cyflumetofen, amidoflumet,imicyafos, bistrifluron, and pyrifluquinazon;—other insecticides andnematicides: broflanilide, cyclaniliprole, sulfoxaflor, flupyradifurone,amitraz, pyrimidifen, cyantraniliprole, fluazaindolizine,tetraniliprole, and tioxazafen.

J) Biological control agents:—bacteria genus: Actinomycetes,Agrobacterium, Arthrobacter, Alcaligenes, Aureobacterium, Azobacter,Bacillus, Beijerinckia, Bradyrhizobium, Brevibacillus, Burkholderia,Chromobacterium, Clostridium, Clavibacter, Comamonas, Corynebacterium,Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Flavobacterium, Gluconobacter,Hydrogenophage, Klebsiella, Metarhizium, Methylobacterium,Paenibacillus, Pasteuria, Photorhabdus, Phyllobacterium, Pseudomonas,Rhizobium, Serratia, Sphingobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Streptomyces,Variovax, and Xenorhabdus;—fungi genus: Alternaria, Ampelomyces,Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Beauveria, Colletotrichum, Coniothyrium,Gliocladium, Metarhizium, Muscodor, Paecilomyces, Penicillium,Trichoderma, Typhula, Ulocladium, and Verticillium;—plant growthactivators or plant defense agents: harpin, Reynoutria sachalinensis,jasmonate, lipochitooligosaccharides, salicylic acid, and isoflavones.

The present invention furthermore relates to agrochemical compositionscomprising a mixture of at least one provided compound (component 1) andat least one further active substance useful for plant protection, e.g.selected from the groups A) to J) (component 2), in particular onefurther fungicide, e.g. one or more fungicide from the groups A) to F),as described above, and if desired one suitable solvent or solidcarrier. Those mixtures are of particular interest, since many of themat the same application rate show higher efficiencies against harmfulfungi. Furthermore, combating harmful fungi with a mixture of a providedcompound and at least one fungicide from groups A) to F), as describedabove, is more efficient than combating those fungi with a providedcompound alone or fungicides from groups A) to F) alone. By applying aprovided compound together with at least one active substance fromgroups A) to J) a synergistic effect can be obtained, i.e. more thansimple addition of the individual effects is obtained (synergisticmixtures).

According to this invention, applying a provided compound together withat least one further active substance is to be understood to denote thatat least one provided compound and at least one further active substanceoccur simultaneously at the site of action (i.e. the harmful fungi to becontrolled or their habitats such as infected plants, plant propagationmaterials, particularly seeds, surfaces, materials or the soil as wellas plants, plant propagation materials, particularly seeds, soil,surfaces, materials or rooms to be protected from fungal attack) in afungicidally effective amount. This can be obtained by applying aprovided compound and at least one further active substancesimultaneously, either jointly (e.g. as tank-mix) or separately, or insuccession, wherein the time interval between the individualapplications is selected to ensure that the active substance appliedfirst still occurs at the site of action in a sufficient amount at thetime of application of the further active substance(s). The order ofapplication is not essential for working of the present invention.

In binary mixtures, i.e. compositions according to the inventioncomprising one provided compound (component 1) and one further activesubstance (component 2), e.g. one active substance from groups A) to J),the weight ratio of component 1 and component 2 generally depends fromthe properties of the active substances used, usually it is in the rangeof from 1:100 to 100:1, regularly in the range of from 1:50 to 50:1,preferably in the range of from 1:20 to 20:1, more preferably in therange of from 1:10 to 10:1 and in particular in the range of from 1:3 to3:1.

In ternary mixtures, i.e. compositions according to the inventioncomprising a provided compound (component 1) and a first further activesubstance (component 2) and a second further active substance (component3), e.g. two active substances from groups A) to J), the weight ratio ofcomponent 1 and component 2 depends from the properties of the activesubstances used, preferably it is in the range of from 1:50 to 50:1 andparticularly in the range of from 1:10 to 10:1, and the weight ratio ofcomponent 1 and component 3 preferably is in the range of from 1:50 to50:1 and particularly in the range of from 1:10 to 10:1.

The components can be used individually or already partially orcompletely mixed with one another to prepare the composition accordingto the invention. It is also possible for them to be packaged and usedfurther as combination composition such as a kit of parts.

In one embodiment of the invention, the kits may include one or more,including all, components that may be used to prepare a subjectagrochemical composition. For example, kits may include one or morefungicide component(s) and/or an adjuvant component and/or aninsecticide component and/or a growth regulator component and/or anherbicide. One or more of the components may already be combinedtogether or pre-formulated. In those embodiments where more than twocomponents are provided in a kit, the components may already be combinedtogether and as such are packaged in a single container such as a vial,bottle, can, pouch, bag or canister. In other embodiments, two or morecomponents of a kit may be packaged separately, i.e., notpre-formulated. As such, kits may include one or more separatecontainers such as vials, cans, bottles, pouches, bags or canisters,each container containing a separate component for an agrochemicalcomposition. In both forms, a component of the kit may be appliedseparately from or together with the further components or as acomponent of a combination composition according to the invention forpreparing the composition according to the invention.

The user applies the composition according to the invention usually froma predosage device, a knapsack sprayer, a spray tank or a spray plane.Here, the agrochemical composition is made up with water and/or bufferto the desired application concentration, it being possible, ifappropriate, to add further auxiliaries, and the ready-to-use sprayliquor or the agrochemical composition according to the invention isthus obtained. In some embodiments, 50 to 500 liters of the ready-to-usespray liquor are applied per hectare of agricultural useful area. Insome embodiments 100 to 400 liters of the ready-to-use spray liquor areapplied per hectare. In some embodiments, the invention provides a kitfor greenhouse application of a ready-to-use composition of theinvention.

According to one embodiment, individual components of the compositionaccording to the invention such as parts of a kit or parts of a binaryor ternary mixture may be mixed by the user himself in a spray tank andfurther auxiliaries may be added, if appropriate (tank mix). In afurther embodiment, either individual components of the compositionaccording to the invention or partially premixed components, e.g.components comprising a provided compound and/or active substances fromthe groups A) to J), may be mixed by the user in a spray tank andfurther auxiliaries and additives may be added, if appropriate (tankmix).

In a further embodiment, either individual components of the compositionaccording to the invention or partially premixed components, e.g.components comprising a provided compound and/or active substances fromthe groups A) to J), can be applied jointly (e.g. after tankmix) orconsecutively.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a mixture comprising aprovided compound (component 1) and at least one active substanceselected from the strobilurins of group A) (component 2) andparticularly selected from azoxystrobin, dimoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin,kresoxim-methyl, orysastrobin, picoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin andtrifloxystrobin.

In some embodiments the invention provides a mixture comprising aprovided compound (component 1) and at least one active substanceselected from the carboxamides of group B) (component 2). In someembodiments, the carboxamide is selected from the group consisting ofbixafen, boscalid, sedaxane, fenhexamid, metalaxyl, isopyrazam,mefenoxam, ofurace, dimethomorph, flumorph, fluopicolid (picobenzamid),zoxamide, carpropamid, mandipropamid andN-(3′,4′,5′-trifluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a mixture comprising aprovided compound (component 1) and at least one active substanceselected from the azoles of group C) (component 2). In some embodiments,the azole is selected from the group consisting of cyproconazole,difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol,metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole,triadimefon, triadimenol, tebuconazole, tetraconazole, triticonazole,prochloraz, cyazofamid, benomyl, carbendazim and ethaboxam.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a mixture comprising aprovided compound (component 1) and at least one active substanceselected from the heterocyclic compounds of group D) (component 2). Insome embodiments, the heterocyclic compounds of group D) are selectedfrom the group consisting of fluazinam, cyprodinil, fenarimol,mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil, triforine, fludioxonil, dodemorph,fenpropimorph, tridemorph, fenpropidin, iprodione, vinclozolin,famoxadone, fenamidone, probenazole, proquinazid, acibenzolar-S-methyl,captafol, folpet, fenoxanil, quinoxyfen and5-ethyl-6-octyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-7-ylamine.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a mixture comprising aprovided compound (component 1) and at least one active substanceselected from the carbamates of group E) (component 2). In someembodiments, the carbamates are selected from the group consisting ofmancozeb, metiram, propineb, thiram, iprovalicarb, benthiavalicarb andpropamocarb.

In some embodiments the invention provides a mixture comprising aprovided compound (component 1) and at least one active substanceselected from the fungicides given in group F) (component 2). In someembodiments, the fungicides of group F) are selected from the groupconsisting of dithianon, fentin salts, such as fentin acetate, fosetyl,fosetyl-aluminium, H₃PO₃ and salts thereof, chlorthalonil,dichlofluanid, thiophanat-methyl, copper acetate, copper hydroxide,copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, sulfur, cymoxanil, metrafenone andspiroxamine.

In some embodiments the invention provides a mixture comprising aprovided compound (component 1) and at least one active substanceselected from the herbicides given in group H) (component 2). In someembodiments, the herbicides of group H) are selected from the groupconsisting of acetochlor, clethodim, dicamba,1,5-dimethyl-6-thioxo-3-(2,2,7-trifluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-4-prop-2-ynyl-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4-dione(trifludimoxazin), ethyl2-((3-(2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1(6H)-yl)phenoxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)acetate,flumioxazin, fomesafen, glyphosate, glufosinate, halauxifen,isoxaflutole, mesotrione, metolachlor, quizalofop, saflufenacil,sulcotrione, tembotrione, topramezone, and 2,4-D. In some embodiments,the herbicides of group H) are selected from the group consisting ofchlorazifop, clodinafop, clofop, cyhalofop, diclofop, fenoxaprop,fenoxaprop-P, fenthiaprop, fluazifop, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop,haloxyfop-P, isoxapyrifop, kuicaoxi, metamifop, propaquizafop,quizalofop, quizalofop-P, trifop, alloxydim, butroxydim, clethodim,cloproxydim, cycloxydim, profoxydim, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim,tralkoxydim, and pinoxaden.

In some embodiments the invention provides a mixture comprising aprovided compound (component 1) and at least one active substanceselected from the insecticides and nematicides given in group I)(component 2). In some embodiments, the insecticides and nematicides ofgroup I) are selected from the group consisting of abamectin, aldicarb,aldoxycarb, bifenthrin, broflanilide, carbofuran, chlorantraniliprole,clothianidin, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin,cypermethrin, deltamethrin, dinotefuran, emamectin, ethiprole,fenamiphos, fipronil, flubendiamide, fosthiazate, imidacloprid,ivermectin, lambda-cyhalothrin, milbemectin,3-phenyl-5-(2-thienyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole, nitenpyram, oxamyl, permethrin,spinetoram, spinosad, spirodichlofen, spirotetramat, tefluthrin,tetraniliprole, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb, and tioxazafen.

In some embodiments the invention provides a mixture comprising aprovided compound (component 1) and at least one active substanceselected from the biological control agents given in group J) (component2). In some embodiments, the bacteria of biological control agents ofgroup J) are selected from the group consisting of Bacillusamyloliquefaciens, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus,lichenformis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus subtilis,Bacillus thuringiensis, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Chromobacteriumsubtsugae, Metarhizium anisopliae, Pasteuria nishizawae, Pasteuriapenetrans, Pasteuria usage, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Streptomyceslydicus. In some embodiments, the fungi of biological control agents ofgroup J) are selected from the group consisting of Beauveria bassiana,Coniothyrium minitans, Gliocladium virens, Muscodor albus, Paecilomyceslilacinus, Trichoderma polysporum, and Trichoderma virens.

The active substances referred to as component 2, their preparation andtheir activity against harmful fungi is known in the art. In someembodiments these substances are commercially available. The compoundsdescribed by IUPAC nomenclature, their preparation and their fungicidalactivity are also known in the art (cf. Can. J. Plant Sci. 48(6),587-94, 1968; EP-A 141 317; EP-A 152 031; EP-A 226 917; EP-A 243 970;EP-A 256 503; EP-A 428 941; EP-A 532 022; EP-A 1 028 125; EP-A 1 035122; EP-A 1 201 648; EP-A 1 122 244, JP 2002316902; DE 19650197; DE10021412; DE 102005009458; U.S. Pat. No. 3,296,272; U.S. Pat. No.3,325,503; WO 98/46608; WO 99/14187; WO 99/24413; WO 99/27783; WO00/29404; WO 00/46148; WO 00/65913; WO 01/54501; WO 01/56358; WO02/22583; WO 02/40431; WO 03/10149; WO 03/11853; WO 03/14103; WO03/16286; WO 03/53145; WO 03/61388; WO 03/66609; WO 03/74491; WO04/49804; WO 04/83193; WO 05/120234; WO 05/123689; WO 05/123690; WO05/63721; WO 05/87772; WO 05/87773; WO 06/15866; WO 06/87325; WO06/87343; WO 07/82098; WO 07/90624; WO 12/030887).

The mixtures of active substances can be prepared as compositionscomprising besides the active ingredients at least one inert ingredientby usual means, e.g. by the means given for a provided compound orcomposition thereof.

Concerning usual ingredients of such compositions reference is made tothe explanations given for the compositions containing a providedcompound.

The mixtures of active substances according to the present invention aresuitable as fungicides, as is a provided compound. In some embodimentsthe mixtures and compositions of the present invention are useful forthe protection of plants against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenicfungi. In some embodiments, the phytopathogenic fungi are from theclasses of the Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes andPeronosporomycetes (syn. Oomycetes).

Antimycotic Uses

A provided compound or composition thereof is also suitable for treatingdiseases in men and animals, especially as antimycotics, for treatingcancer and for treating virus infections. The term “antimycotic”, asdistinguished from the term “fungicide”, refers to a medicament forcombating zoopathogenic or humanpathogenic fungi, i.e. for combatingfungi in animals, especially in mammals (including humans) and birds.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a medicamentcomprising at least one provided compound or composition thereof and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the invention relates to the use of a providedcompound or composition thereof for preparing an antimycotic medicament;i.e. for preparing a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis ofinfections with humanpathogenic and/or zoopathogenic fungi.

A provided compound or compositions thereof has fungicidal activityagainst organisms, including but not limited to, dermatophytes,including for example, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale,Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophytonmegninii, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton schoenleinii,Trichophyton soudanense, Trichophyton violaceum, Epidermophytonfloccosum, Microsporum audouini, Microsporum canis, Microsporumdistortum, Microsporum gypseum; nondermatophyte molds including, forexample, Scopulariopsis spp. including, for example, Scopulariopsisbrevicaulis, Fusarium spp including, for example, Fusarium solani,Aspergillus spp. including, for example, Aspergillus flavus, Acremoniumspp. including, for example, Acremonium hyalinum, Alternaria,Scytalidinum dimidiatum, and Scytalidinium hyalinum; Candida spp.including, for example, Candida albicans, and Candida parapsilosis;Malassezia spp. including, for example, Malassezia furfur; Cryptococcus;Blastomyces; Histoplasma; and Sporothrix schenckii.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatinga microbial infection in a subject, comprising: topically administeringto a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of aprovided compound or composition thereof useful in treating a microbialinfection.

In some embodiments, administration of a provided compound orcomposition thereof reduces the number of microbes, preferablypathogenic microbes, in or on the mammal to which it is administered.The microbes that can be acted on by the present compositions areselected from the group consisting of fungi, molds, yeast andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the presently described subject matter relates to amethod for treating a condition, disease or disorder in a subject,wherein the condition, disease or disorder is a fungal infection. Incertain embodiments, the fungal infection is a fungal infection of theskin. In certain embodiments, the fungal infection is a fungal infectionof the nail. In certain embodiments, the fungal infection is a fungalinfection of the hair follicle.

In some embodiments, the presently described subject matter relates tothe use of a provided compound or a composition thereof to treat amicrobial infection in a subject by topically administering the compoundor composition to the subject in need thereof.

In some embodiments, the presently described subject matter relates tothe use of a provided compound or composition thereof to treat a fungalinfection in a subject by topically administering the compound orcomposition to the subject in need thereof.

In some embodiments, the presently described subject matter relates tothe use of an antifungal agent or a pharmaceutically salt thereof in themanufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a fungal infection.

In some embodiments, the presently described subject matter relates tothe use of a provided compound or composition thereof in the manufactureof a medicament for the treatment of a fungal infection.

In some embodiments, conditions treated by administration of a providedcompound or composition thereof include superficial fungal infections ofthe skin that appear on the outer layer of skin and can cause Tineacruris (jock itch), Tinea corporis (ringworm), Tinea pedis, interdigitalTinea pedis, moccasin-type Tinea pedis, Tinea manuum, Tinea versicolor(piyriasis), Tinea nigra, cutaneous candidiasis, Tinea faciei (facialringworm), and white and black piedra.

Tinea corporis (body ringworm), Tinea cruris (jock itch), and Tineafaciei (facial ringworm), may be caused by Epidermophyton floccosum,Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans,T. verrucosum, and/or T. violaceum, and are treatable by theadministration of a provided compound or composition thereof.

Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) or Tinea manuum (fungal infection of thehand), which may be caused Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis,Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, T. verrucosum,and/or T. violaceum, are treatable by the administration of a providedcompound or composition thereof.

Cutaneous candidiasis, which may be caused by Candida albicans, may alsobe treatable by the administration of a provided compound or compositionthereof.

A provided compound or composition thereof has fungicidal activityagainst multiple organisms. Accordingly, the administration of thepresent compositions may treat, for example, superficial fungalinfections of the skin related to or caused by Epidermophyton floccosum,Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T.interdigitale, T. rubrum, T. soudanense, T. tonsurans, T. verrucosum, T.violaceum, and Candida albicans.

In some embodiments, the present subject matter also relates to a methodof treating and/or preventing a fungal infection of the hair follicle,including for example, one or more of Tinea capitis, Tinea favosa, andTinea barbae, in a mammal comprising administering to a mammal in needthereof an effective amount a provided compound or composition thereof.

In some embodiments, conditions treated by administration of a providedcompound or composition include Tinea capitis and/or Tinea favosa and/orTinea barbae.

Tinea capitis and/or Tinea favosa and/or Tinea barbae are treatable bythe administration of a provided compound or composition thereof.

Tinea capitis is a superficial fungal infection (dermatophytosis) of theskin of the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes that attacks the hair shaftand follicles. The disease is primarily caused by dermatophytes in theTrichophyton and Microsporum genera, including for example, Microsporumaudouini, Microsporum canis, Microsporum distortum, Microsporum gypseum,Trichophyton megninii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum,Trichophyton schoenleinii, Trichophyton tonsurans, and Trichophytonverrucosum. The clinical presentation is typically a single or multiplepatches of hair loss, sometimes with a ‘black dot’ pattern (often withbroken-off hairs), that may be accompanied by inflammation, scaling,pustules, and itching. Tinea favosa can be considered a variety of Tineacapitis because it involves the scalp. Tinea favosa is primarily causedby dermatophytes in the Trichophyton and Microsporum genera, includingfor example, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton schoenleinii. Tineabarbae is a superficial dermatophytosis that is limited to the beardedareas of the face and neck and occurs almost exclusively in olderadolescent and adult males. The clinical presentation of Tinea barbaeincludes inflammatory, deep, kerion-like plaques and non-inflammatorysuperficial patches resembling Tinea corporis or bacterial folliculitis.The mechanism that causes Tinea barbae is similar to that of Tineacapitis, and is frequently the result of a Trichophyton rubrum (T.rubrum) infection but may also be the result of Trichophytonmentagrophytes var granulosum and Trichophyton verrucosum. FinallyMicrosporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var erinacei have beenknown to cause Tinea barbae but are relatively rare.

Tinea capitis which may be caused by one or more of Microsporumaudouini, Microsporum canis, Microsporum distortum, Microsporum gypseum,Trichophyton megninii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum,Trichophyton schoenleinii, Trichophyton tonsurans, and/or Trichophytonverrucosum, and Tinea favosa which may be caused by one or more ofMicrosporum gypseum and/or Trichophyton schoenleinii, and Tinea barbaewhich may be caused by one of more of Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum),Trichophyton mentagrophytes var granulosum, Trichophyton verrucosum,Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var erinacei, aretreatable by the administration of a provided compound or compositionthereof.

A provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof hasfungicidal activity against multiple organisms. Accordingly, theadministration of the present compositions may treat, for example,conditions related to or caused by Microsporum audouini, Microsporumcanis, Microsporum distortum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophytonmegninii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var granulosum, Trichophytonmentagrophytes var erinacei, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophytonschoenleinii, Trichophyton tonsurans, and/or Trichophyton verrucosum.

In some embodiments, the present subject matter relates to a method oftreating and/or preventing onychomycosis in a subject comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount aprovided compound or composition thereof.

Non-limiting conditions that are treated by the administration of aprovided compound or composition thereof, include onychomycosisincluding onychomycosis caused by one or more of dermatophytes, yeasts(candidal onychomycosis), and non-dermatophyte molds.

Onychomycosis is treatable by the administration of a provided compoundor composition thereof.

Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail bed, matrix, and/or ornail plate. It is caused by 3 main classes of fungi: dermatophytes,yeasts (candidal onychomycosis), and nondermatophyte molds.Dermatophytes are the most common cause of onychomycosis, butonychomycosis caused by non-dermatophyte molds is becoming more commonworldwide. Onychomycosis due to Candida is less common. Dermatophytesthat can cause onychomycosis include one or more of Trichophyton rubrum,Trichophyton interdigitale, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophytonviolaceum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophytonsoudanense, and Trichophyton verrucosum, and dermatophyte associatedonychomycosis is often also referred to as tinea ungium. Candidalonychomycosis include cutaneous candidisis and mucocutaneous candidiasisthat are caused by one or more Candida species, including for example,Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Non-dermatophyte molds thatcan cause onychomycosis can include one or more of, for example,Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., Alternaria,Acremonium, Scytalidinum dimidiatum, and Scytalidinium hyalinum.

There are four classic types of onychomycosis including the following:distal subungual onychomycosis (DLSO) that is the most common form ofonychomycosis, and is usually caused by Trichophyton rubrum and/orTrichophyton interdigitale, which invades the nail bed and the undersideof the nail plate; white superficial onychomycosis (WSO) is caused byfungal (e.g., T. mentagrophytes) invasion of the superficial layers ofthe nail plate to form “white islands” on the plate, nondermatophytemolds cause deep white superficial onychomycosis; proximal subungualonychomycosis (PSO) is fungal penetration of the newly formed nail platethrough the proximal nail fold and it is the least common form ofonychomycosis in healthy people, but is found more commonly when thepatient is immunocompromised; endonyx onychomycosis (EO), and candidalonychomycosis (CO) which is Candida species invasion of the fingernails.

A provided compound or composition thereof has fungicidal activityagainst multiple organisms. Accordingly, the administration of aprovided compound or composition may treat, for example, conditions,including for example, onychomycosis, related to or caused by one ormore dermatophytes, including for example, Trichophyton rubrum,Trichophyton interdigitale, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophytonviolaceum, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophytonsoudanense, and Trichophyton verrucosum; caused by one or more Candidaspecies, including for example, Candida albicans and Candidaparapsilosis; and/or caused by one or more molds, including for example,Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, a Fusarium spp., a Aspergillus spp.,Alternaria, Acremonium, Scytalidinum dimidiatum, and Scytalidiniumhyalinum.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a provided compoundor composition thereof, wherein the composition is combined with aphysical/mechanical penetration enhancer that, for example, acts byincreasing permeability by reversibly damaging or altering thephysicochemical nature of the stratum corneum or nail surface to reduceits diffusional resistance. Such mechanical enhancement can includethose known in the art such as manual and electrical nail abrasion, acidetching, ablation by laser, microporation, iontophoresis, or applicationof low-frequency ultrasound, heat or electric currents on/through thenail or skin to make the diffusion of topical moieties more efficient.

A provided compound or compositions thereof can be topicallyadministered in any formulation, including a gel. A sufficient amount ofthe topical preparation can be gently rubbed onto the affected area andsurrounding skin, for example, in an amount sufficient to cover anaffected area plus a margin of healthy skin or tissue surrounding theaffected area, for example, a margin of about 0.5 inches. A providedcomposition can be applied to any body surface, including for example, askin surface, scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, bearded areas, nail surface,nail bed, nail matrix, and nail fold, as well as to the mouth, vagina,eye, nose, or other mucous membranes.

For most superficial fungal infections of the skin, a provided compoundor composition thereof can be applied in a single, one-time application,once a week, once a bi-week, once a month, or from one to four timesdaily, for a period of time sufficient to alleviate symptoms or clearthe fungal infection, for example, for a period of time of one week,from 1 to 12 weeks or more, from 1 to 10 weeks, from 1 to 8 weeks, from2 to 12 weeks, from 2 to 10 weeks, from 2 to 8 weeks, from 2 to 6 weeks,from 2 to 4 weeks, from 4 to 12 weeks, from 4 to 10 weeks, from 4 to 8weeks, from 4 to 6 weeks. A provided compound or composition thereof canbe administered, for example, at a frequency of once per day or twiceper day. A provided compound or composition thereof can be topicallyadministered once per day for a period of time from 1 week to 8 weeks,from 1 week to 4 weeks, for 1 week, for 2 weeks, for 3 weeks, for 4weeks, for 5 weeks, for 6 weeks, for 7 weeks, or for 8 weeks.

A provided compound or compositions thereof can be applied in atherapeutically effective amount, for example, an amount sufficient tocover an affected area plus a margin of healthy skin or tissuesurrounding the affected area, for example, a margin of about 0.5inches. Suitable amounts, for example, per application per affected areaor cumulative daily dosage per affected area (for example twoapplications in a 24 hour period), can include, for example, from about0.1 grams to about 8 grams; from about 0.2 grams to about 4.5 grams;from about 0.3 grams to about 4 grams; from about 0.4 grams to about 3.5grams; from about 0.4 grams to about 3 grams; from about 0.4 grams toabout 2.5 grams; from about 0.4 grams to about 2 grams; from about 0.4grams to about 1.5 grams; from about 0.5 grams to about 8 grams; fromabout 0.5 grams to about 6 grams; from about 0.5 grams to about 5 grams;from about 0.5 grams to about 4.5 grams; from about 0.5 grams to about 4grams; from about 0.5 grams to about 3.5 grams; from about 0.5 grams toabout 3 grams; from about 0.5 grams to about 2.5 grams; from about 0.5grams to about 2 grams; from about 0.5 grams to about 1.5 grams; fromabout 0.5 grams to about 1 gram; from about 1 gram to about 8 grams;from about 1 gram to about 8 grams; from about 1 gram to about 7 grams;from about 1 gram to about 6 grams; from about 1 gram to about 5 grams;from about 1 gram to about 4.5 grams; from about 1 gram to about 4grams; from about 1 gram to about 3.5 grams; from about 1 gram to about3 grams; from about 1 gram to about 2.5 grams; from about 1 gram toabout 2 grams; from about 1 gram to about 1.5 grams; from about 1.5grams to about 8 grams; from about 1.5 grams to about 7 grams; fromabout 1.5 grams to about 6 grams; from about 1.5 grams to about 5 grams;from about 1.5 grams to about 4.5 grams; from about 1.5 grams to about 4grams; from about 1.5 grams to about 3.5 grams; from about 1.5 grams toabout 3 grams; from about 1.5 grams to about 2.5 grams; from about 1.5grams to about 2 grams; from about 2 grams to about 8 grams; from about2 grams to about 7 grams; from about 2 grams to about 6 grams; fromabout 2 grams to about 5 grams; from about 2 grams to about 4.5 grams;from about 2 grams to about 4 grams; from about 2 grams to about 3.5grams; from about 2 grams to about 3 grams; from about 2 grams to about2.5 grams; from about 2.5 grams to about 8 grams; from about 2.5 gramsto about 7 grams; from about 2.5 grams to about 6 grams; from about 2.5grams to about 5 grams; from about 2.5 grams to about 4.5 grams; fromabout 2.5 grams to about 4 grams; from about 2.5 grams to about 3.5grams; from about 2.5 grams to about 3 grams; from about 3 grams toabout 8 grams; from about 3 grams to about 7 grams; from about 3 gramsto about 6 grams; from about 3 grams to about 5 grams; from about 3grams to about 4.5 grams; from about 3 grams to about 4 grams; fromabout 3 grams to about 3.5 grams; from about 3.5 grams to about 8 grams;from about 3.5 grams to about 7 grams; from about 3.5 grams to about 6grams; from about 3.5 grams to about 5 grams; from about 3.5 grams toabout 4.5 grams; from about 3.5 grams to about 4 grams; from about 4grams to about 8 grams; from about 4 grams to about 7 grams; from about4 grams to about 6 grams; from about 4 grams to about 5 grams; fromabout 4 grams to about 4.5 grams; from about 4.5 grams to about 8 grams;from about 4.5 grams to about 7 grams; from about 4.5 grams to about 6grams; from about 4.5 grams to about 5 grams; from about 5 grams toabout 8 grams; from about 5 grams to about 7 grams; from about 5 gramsto about 6 grams; from about 5.5 grams to about 8 grams; from about 5.5grams to about 7 grams; from about 5.5 grams to about 6 grams; fromabout 6 grams to about 8 grams; from about 6 grams to about 7 grams;from about 6.5 grams to about 8 grams; from about 6.5 grams to about 7grams; from about 7 grams to about 8 grams; from about 7.5 grams toabout 8 grams; about 0.2 grams; about 0.5 grams; about 1 gram; about 1.5grams; about 2 grams; about 2.5 grams; about 3 grams, about 3.5 grams;about 4 grams, about 4.5 grams; about 5 grams, about 5.5 grams; about 6grams, about 6.5 grams; about 7 grams, about 7.5 grams; or about 8grams.

In certain severe cases, for example, of Tinea pedis and/or Tineacruris, a maximum per application, per affected area, dose of 8 grams ofthe presently described composition can be applied to an affected area,for example, once or twice daily.

For example, generally for Tinea corporis or Tinea cruris or Tineafaciei, the present composition can be applied, for example once ortwice daily, for example, morning and evening, for about 2-4 weeks.Generally for Tinea pedis application the present composition can beapplied once daily, for 2 weeks or longer. For example, a providedcompound or composition thereof can be topically applied in an amountsufficient to cover an affected area plus a margin of healthy skin ortissue surrounding the affected area, for example, a margin of about 0.5inches, at a frequency, for example, of once a day, for a time period,for example of about two weeks.

If desired, other therapeutic agents can be employed in conjunction witha provided compound or composition thereof. The amount ofpharmaceutically active ingredients that may be combined with thecarrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary dependingupon the host treated, the nature of the disease, disorder, orcondition, and the nature of the active ingredients.

In some embodiments, a provided compound or pharmaceutical compositionthereof is given in a single or multiple doses per time period, forexample, daily, weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly. For example, in someembodiments, a provided compound or pharmaceutical composition thereofis given from one to four times per period.

In some embodiments, for superficial fungal infections of the skin, aprovided compound or composition thereof is given once per week, for aperiod of from one to six weeks, for example for one week, for twoweeks, for three weeks, for four weeks, five weeks, or for six weeks.

In some embodiments, for onychomycosis infections, a provided compoundor composition thereof is applied at a frequency of from one to fourtimes daily, including for example, once daily, twice daily, three timesdaily, or four times daily, one a daily or weekly basis, or on a monthlyor every other month schedule, for a period of time sufficient toalleviate symptoms or clear the fungal infection, for example, for aperiod of time from 1 to 52 weeks, from 1 to 26 weeks, from 26 to 52weeks, from 13 to 39 weeks, from 20 to 40 weeks, from 20 to 48 weeks,from 5 to 50 weeks, from 10 to 45 weeks, from 15 to 40 weeks, from 20 to35 weeks, from 25 to 30 weeks, for about 30 weeks; from 28 weeks to 50weeks, from 30 week to 48 weeks, from 32 to 46 weeks, from 34 to 44weeks, from 36 to 42 weeks, from 38 to 40 weeks, from 2 to 24 weeks,from 2 to 22 weeks, from 2 to 20 weeks, from 2 to 18 weeks, from 2 to 16weeks, from 2 to 14 weeks, from 2 to 12 weeks, from 2 to 10 weeks, from2 to 8 weeks, from 2 to 6 weeks, from 2 to 4 weeks, from 10 to 48 weeks,from 12 to 48 weeks, from 14 to 48 weeks, from 16 to 48 weeks, from 18to 48 weeks, from 20 to 48 weeks, from 22 weeks to 48 weeks, from 24week to 48 weeks, from 26 to 48 weeks, from 28 to 48 weeks, from 30 to48 weeks, from 32 to 48 weeks, from 34 to 48 weeks, from 34 to 48 weeks,from 36 to 48 weeks, from 38 to 48 weeks, from 40 to 48 weeks, from 42to 48 weeks, from 44 to 48 weeks, from 46 to 48 weeks, for 1 weeks, for2 weeks, for 4 weeks, for 6 weeks, for 8 weeks, for 10 weeks, for 12weeks, for 24 weeks, for 26 weeks, for 28 weeks, for 30 weeks, for 32weeks, for 34 weeks, for 36 weeks, for 38 weeks, for 40 weeks, for 42weeks, for 44 weeks, for 46 weeks, for 48 weeks, for 50 weeks, for 50weeks, or for 52 weeks. For example, the present compositions can betopically administered, at a frequency of once per day for a period oftime from 1 week to 52 weeks, for example for about from 24 weeks to 48weeks.

In some embodiments, for onychomycosis infections the presentlydescribed compositions are applied in a therapeutically effectiveamount, for example, an amount sufficient to cover an affected area plusa margin of healthy skin and/or nail surrounding the affected area, forexample, a margin of about 0.1 to about 0.5 inches. Suitable amounts,for example, per application per affected area or cumulative dailydosage per affected area (one or more nails and, for example, one or twoapplications in a 24 hour period), can include, for example, from about0.1 grams to about 8 grams; from about 0.2 grams to about 4.5 grams;from about 0.3 grams to about 4 grams; from about 0.4 grams to about 3.5grams; from about 0.4 grams to about 3 grams; from about 0.4 grams toabout 2.5 grams; from about 0.4 grams to about 2 grams; from about 0.4grams to about 1.5 grams; from about 0.5 grams to about 8 grams; fromabout 0.5 grams to about 6 grams; from about 0.5 grams to about 5 grams;from about 0.5 grams to about 4.5 grams; from about 0.5 grams to about 4grams; from about 0.5 grams to about 3.5 grams; from about 0.5 grams toabout 3 grams; from about 0.5 grams to about 2.5 grams; from about 0.5grams to about 2 grams; from about 0.5 grams to about 1.5 grams; fromabout 0.5 grams to about 1 gram; from about 1 gram to about 8 grams;from about 1 gram to about 8 grams; from about 1 gram to about 7 grams;from about 1 gram to about 6 grams; from about 1 gram to about 5 grams;from about 1 gram to about 4.5 grams; from about 1 gram to about 4grams; from about 1 gram to about 3.5 grams; from about 1 gram to about3 grams; from about 1 gram to about 2.5 grams; from about 1 gram toabout 2 grams; from about 1 gram to about 1.5 grams; from about 1.5grams to about 8 grams; from about 1.5 grams to about 7 grams; fromabout 1.5 grams to about 6 grams; from about 1.5 grams to about 5 grams;from about 1.5 grams to about 4.5 grams; from about 1.5 grams to about 4grams; from about 1.5 grams to about 3.5 grams; from about 1.5 grams toabout 3 grams; from about 1.5 grams to about 2.5 grams; from about 1.5grams to about 2 grams; from about 2 grams to about 8 grams; from about2 grams to about 7 grams; from about 2 grams to about 6 grams; fromabout 2 grams to about 5 grams; from about 2 grams to about 4.5 grams;from about 2 grams to about 4 grams; from about 2 grams to about 3.5grams; from about 2 grams to about 3 grams; from about 2 grams to about2.5 grams; from about 2.5 grams to about 8 grams; from about 2.5 gramsto about 7 grams; from about 2.5 grams to about 6 grams; from about 2.5grams to about 5 grams; from about 2.5 grams to about 4.5 grams; fromabout 2.5 grams to about 4 grams; from about 2.5 grams to about 3.5grams; from about 2.5 grams to about 3 grams; from about 3 grams toabout 8 grams; from about 3 grams to about 7 grams; from about 3 gramsto about 6 grams; from about 3 grams to about 5 grams; from about 3grams to about 4.5 grams; from about 3 grams to about 4 grams; fromabout 3 grams to about 3.5 grams; from about 3.5 grams to about 8 grams;from about 3.5 grams to about 7 grams; from about 3.5 grams to about 6grams; from about 3.5 grams to about 5 grams; from about 3.5 grams toabout 4.5 grams; from about 3.5 grams to about 4 grams; from about 4grams to about 8 grams; from about 4 grams to about 7 grams; from about4 grams to about 6 grams; from about 4 grams to about 5 grams; fromabout 4 grams to about 4.5 grams; from about 4.5 grams to about 8 grams;from about 4.5 grams to about 7 grams; from about 4.5 grams to about 6grams; from about 4.5 grams to about 5 grams; from about 5 grams toabout 8 grams; from about 5 grams to about 7 grams; from about 5 gramsto about 6 grams; from about 5.5 grams to about 8 grams; from about 5.5grams to about 7 grams; from about 5.5 grams to about 6 grams; fromabout 6 grams to about 8 grams; from about 6 grams to about 7 grams;from about 6.5 grams to about 8 grams; from about 6.5 grams to about 7grams; from about 7 grams to about 8 grams; from about 7.5 grams toabout 8 grams; about 0.2 grams; about 0.5 grams; about 1 gram; about 1.5grams; about 2 grams; about 2.5 grams; about 3 grams, about 3.5 grams;about 4 grams, about 4.5 grams; about 5 grams, about 5.5 grams; about 6grams, about 6.5 grams; about 7 grams, about 7.5 grams; or about 8grams.

In certain onychomycosis cases, a maximum per application, per affectedarea, dose of 8 grams of a provided compound or composition thereof isapplied to an affected area (all nails), for example, once or twicedaily. In some embodiments, a provided compound or composition thereofis applied, for example once or twice daily, for example, morning and/orevening, for about 1-52 weeks. For example, in some embodiments, aprovided compound or composition thereof is topically applied in anamount sufficient to cover an affected area plus a margin of healthyskin and/or nail surrounding the affected area, for example, a margin ofabout 0.1 to about 0.5 inches, at a frequency, for example, of once aday, for a time period, for example of about 24 to about 48 weeks.

Exemplification

As depicted in the Examples below, in certain exemplary embodiments,compounds are prepared according to the following general procedures. Itwill be appreciated that, although the general methods depict thesynthesis of certain compounds of the present invention, the followinggeneral methods, and other methods known to one of ordinary skill in theart, can be applied to all compounds and subclasses and species of eachof these compounds, as described herein.

Experimental Procedures Example 1. Synthesis of ethyl(R)-1-(2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)-5-methyl-3-(2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-3

Synthesis of Compound 1.2.

Into a 3000-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placedDMSO (1400 mL). This was followed by the addition of NaH (25.0 g, 625.0mmol, 1.22 equiv, 60%). The mixture was stirred for 15 min at roomtemperature. To this was added trimethylsulfoxonium iodide (136.0 g,617.9 mmol, 1.2 equiv.), in portions at room temperature over 30 min.The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at 40° C. To the mixture wasadded compound 1.1 (70.0 g, 514.2 mmol, 1.00 equiv) dropwise withstirring at 15° C. The reaction was stirred for 3 hours at roomtemperature, then quenched by the addition of 1500 mL of NH₄Cl (aq.).The resulting solution was extracted with 2×1000 mL of EtOAc, and theorganic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated under vacuum to provide 63.0 g (82%) of 1.2 as yellow oil.

Synthesis of Compound 1.3.

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen was placedoxan-4-ol (86.0 g, 842.1 mmol, 2.01 equiv), and FeCl₃ (10 g). This wasfollowed by the addition of 1.2 (63.0 g, 419.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv)dropwise at 0° C. The reaction was stirred for 3 hours at roomtemperature. The resulting solution was diluted with 500 mL of H₂O thenextracted with 3×1000 mL of EtOAC. Organic layers were combined andsolvents were removed under vacuum. The crude was purified by columnchromatography to furnish 22.0 g (21%) of 1.3 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 1.4.

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed 1.3 (58.0 g, 229.9mmol, 1.00 equiv), toluene (290 mL), CAL-B (4.35 g) and ethenylbutanoate (14.4 g, 126.16 mmol, 0.55 equiv). The reaction was stirredfor 3 hours at room temperature. The solids were filtered out, and thefiltrate was concentrated under vacuum to provide 31.0 g (42%) of 1.4 ascolorless oil.

Synthesis of Compound 1.5.

Into a 1000-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed 1.4 (31.0 g, 96.2mmol, 1.0 equiv), methanol (350 mL), water (350 mL), NaOH (7.7 g, 192.5mmol, 2.0 equiv). The reaction was stirred for 1 hour at roomtemperature, then quenched by the addition of 15.0 g of acetic acid. Theresulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum, then extracted with2×300 mL of EtOAc. Organic layers were combined and concentrated undervacuum. The crude was purified by column chromatography to furnish 23.0g (95%) of 1.5 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 1.6.

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed 1.5 (1 g,3.96 mmol, 1.00 equiv), CBr₄ (1.7 g), CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL), PPh₃ (1.35 g, 5.15mmol, 1.30 equiv). The reaction was stirred overnight at roomtemperature, then concentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified bycolumn chromatography to provide 855.0 mg (68%) of 1.6 as yellow oil.

Synthesis of Compound 1.8.

Into a 2000-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 1.7 (320.0 g,2.46 mol, 1.00 equiv) in ethanol (600 mL), sulfur (80 g, 1.00 equiv),and ethyl 2-cyanoacetate (280 g, 2.48 mol, 1.00 equiv). This wasfollowed by the addition of morpholine (235.0 g, 1.0 equiv) dropwisewith stirring at 45° C. over 30 min. The resulting solution was stirredfor 5 hours at 60° C. The solids were filtered out. The solution wasdiluted with 3000 mL of H₂O. The solids were collected by filtration andthe filter cake was washed with 1 L of EtOH to provide 380.0 g (60%) of1.8 as a yellow solid.

Synthesis of Compound 1.9.

Into a 2000-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed1.8 (200.0 g, 777.3 mmol, 1.00 equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (1000 mL). This wasfollowed by the addition of ditrichloromethyl carbonate (76.9 g, 259.14mmol, 0.33 equiv) with stirring at 0° C. followed by addition of Et₃N(314 g, 3.10 mol, 3.99 equiv) dropwise with stirring at 0° C. in 2 h.The reaction was stirred for 3 hours at 0° C. To the reaction was addedtert-butyl 2-amino-2-methylpropanoate (152.0 g, 776.7 mmol, 1.00 equiv)at 0° C. The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature, thenquenched by the addition of 1 L of water. The resulting mixture wasconcentrated under vacuum and the crude was recrystallized to provide105.0 g (31%) of 1.9 as a yellow solid.

Synthesis of Compound 1.91.

Into a 1-L 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed 1.9(42 g, 94.9 mmol, 1.00 equiv), and 1,4-dioxane (400 mL). This wasfollowed by the addition of NaH (5.7 g, 142.50 mmol, 1.50 equiv) at 10°C. The reaction was stirred for 2 hours at 110° C., then quenched by theaddition of 500 mL of NH₄Cl (aq.). The resulting solution was extractedwith 3×200 mL of EtOAc, organic layers were combined and concentratedunder vacuum. The crude product was re-crystallized to provide 24.4 g(65%) of 1.91 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 1.92.

Into a 1000-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under argon, was placed 1.91(15.0 g, 37.8 mmol, 1.00 equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL), and trifluoroaceticacid (50 mL). The reaction was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature.The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum then diluted with100 mL of petrol ether. The solids were collected by filtration toprovide 12.0 g (93%) of 1.92 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 1.93.

Into a 100-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with aninert atmosphere of argon, was placed 1.92 (5 g, 14.69 mmol, 1.00equiv), DMF (20 mL), DIEA (3.8 g, 29.40 mmol, 2.00 equiv), HATU (8.4 g,22.09 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and BnOH (2.4 g). The reaction was stirredovernight at room temperature, then quenched by the addition of 20 mL ofwater. The resulting solution was extracted with 50 mL of CH₂Cl₂.Organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum. The crudewas purified by column chromatography to furnish 3.5 g (55%) of 1.93 asa white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 1.94.

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed 1.93 (4.3 g, 9.99mmol, 1.00 equiv), 1.6 (4.4 g, 13.96 mmol, 1.40 equiv), K₂CO₃ (2.8 g,20.26 mmol, 2.03 equiv) and DMF (100 mL). The reaction was stirredovernight at 100° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated undervacuum. The crude was purified by column chromatography to furnish 3.8 g(57%) of 1.94 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 1.95.

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 1.94 (3.8 g, 5.72 mmol,1.00 equiv), MeOH (50 mL) and Pd/C (0.4 g). To the suspension H₂ (g) wasintroduced. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at roomtemperature. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture wasconcentrated under vacuum to provide 2.9 g (88%) of 1.95 as a whitesolid.

Synthesis of Compound I-3.

Into a 10-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 1.95 (150 mg, 0.35 mmol,1.00 equiv), DCC (215 mg, 1.04 mmol, 2.99 equiv), DMAP (85 mg, 0.70mmol, 2.00 equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL), pyrrolidine (50 mg, 0.70 mmol, 2.02equiv). The reaction was stirred overnight at 50° C. The resultingmixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified by columnchromatography to furnish 145.3 mg (89%) of I-3 as a white solid. LC-MS(ES, m/z) [M-C₄H₈N]⁺ 557; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): 1.37-1.42 (m, 4H),1.49-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.90 (m, 12H), 2.79 (s, 3H), 3.09-3.30 (m, 2H),3.33-3.55 (m, 5H), 3.65-3.85 (m, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 4.05-4.30 (m, 2H),4.34-4.40 (m, 2H), 5.47 (t, 1H), 6.69-7.06 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.35 (m, 1H),7.51-7.52 (m, 1H).

Example 2. Synthesis of ethyl(R)-3-(1-(ethylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-1-(2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-1

Compound I-1 was synthesized from compound 1.95 and ethylaminehydrochloride using procedure described in Example 1. LC-MS (ES, m/z):[M-C₂H₆N]⁺ 557, [M+Na]⁺ 624; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.95-1.05 (t,3H), 1.15-1.30 (m, 1H), 1.33-1.35 (t, 3H), 1.64-1.67 (m, 8H), 2.74 (s,3H), 3.05-3.08 (m, 2H), 3.24-3.33 (m, 3H), 3.48-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s,3H), 3.90-4.10 (m, 2H), 4.29-4.34 (m, 2H), 5.26-5.29 (t, 1H), 7.00-7.07(m, 2H), 7.33-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.55 (m, 2H).

Example 3. Synthesis of ethyl(R)-1-(2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)-5-methyl-3-(2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-2

Compound I-2 was synthesized from compound 1.95 and piperidine usingprocedure described in Example 1. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M-C₅H₁₀N]⁺ 557; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 1.35-1.42 (m, 6H), 1.46-1.82 (m, 13H), δ 2.80(s, 3H), 3.33-3.81 (m, 9H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 4.00-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.34-4.40(m, 2H), 5.40 (t, 1H), 7.02-7.06 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.51-7.52(m, 1H).

Example 4. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl3-(1-(ethylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-1-(2-isopropoxy-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-4

Compound I-4 was prepared from compound 4.1 (prepared according to themethod described in described in WO2013/071169, the entirety of which isincorporated herein by reference) and ethylamine hydrochloride usingprocedure described in Example 1. LC-MS (ES, m/z) [M-C₂H₆N]⁺ 51, [M+Na]⁺582; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 1.00-1.12 (dd, 6H), 1.13-1.15 (t, 3H),1.37-1.41 (t, 3H), 1.77-1.79 (d, 6H), δ 2.78 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.26 (m, 2H),3.47-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.95-4.17 (m, 2H), 4.32-4.38 (m, 2H),5.31 (t, 1H), 6.91-6.93 (m, 1H), 7.01-7.05 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.30 (m, 1H),7.52-7.54 (m, 1H).

Example 5. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-isopropoxy-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-5-methyl-3-(2-methyl-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-5

Compound I-5 was prepared from compound 4.1 and morpholine using theprocedure described in Example 1. LC-MS (ES, m/z):[M-C₄H₈NO]⁺ 515,[M+Na]⁺ 624; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 1.00-1.15 (dd, 6H), 1.38-1.44(t, 3H), 1.77-1.98 (m, 6H), 2.81 (s, 3H), 3.34-3.75 (m, 9H), 3.85 (s,3H), 3.95-4.12 (m, 2H), 4.31-4.40 (m, 2H), 5.37 (t, 1H), 6.98-7.04 (m,2H), 7.29-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.51 (m, 1H).

Example 6. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-isopropoxy-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-5-methyl-3-(2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-6

Compound I-6 was prepared from compound 4.1 and piperidine usingprocedure described in Example 1. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M-C₅H₁₀N]⁺ 515,[M+Na]⁺ 622; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 1.00-1.15 (dd, 6H), 1.28-1.98(m, 15H), 2.79 (s, 3H), 3.46-3.64 (m, 5H), δ 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.95-4.21 (m,2H), 4.34-4.38 (m, 2H), 5.36 (t, 1H), 6.97-7.04 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.33 (m,1H), 7.49-7.51 (m, 1H).

Example 7. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-isopropoxy-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-5-methyl-3-(2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-7

Compound I-7 was synthesized from compound 4.1 and pyrrolidine using theprocedure described in Example 1. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M-C₄H₈N]⁺ 515,[M+Na]⁺ 608; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 1.00-1.15 (dd, 6H), 1.39-1.42(t, 3H), 1.77-1.83 (m, 10H), δ 2.78 (s, 3H), 3.08-3.28 (m, 2H),3.47-3.55 (m, 3H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.00-4.25 (m, 2H), 4.32-4.42 (m, 2H),5.34 (t, 1H), 6.96-7.04 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.33 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.51 (m, 1H).

Example 8. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-1-(2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-8

Compound I-8 was synthesized from 4.1 and propan-2-amine using proceduredescribed in Example 2. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M-C₃H₈N]⁺ 557, [M+H]⁺ 616,[M+Na]⁺ 638; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 1.14-1.16 (dd, 6H), 1.38-1.52(m, 5H), 1.73-1.79 (m, 8H), δ 2.79 (s, 3H), 3.34-3.48 (m, 3H), 3.66-3.73(m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.90-4.15 (m, 3H), 4.33-4.39 (m, 2H), 5.41 (t,1H), 6.94-7.03 (d, 1H), 7.03-7.06 (t, 1H), 7.31-7.33 (t, 1H), 7.53-7.60(m, 1H).

Example 9. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-isopropoxy-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-9

Compound I-9 was prepared from compound 4.1 and propan-2-amine using theprocedure described in Example 1. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M-C₃H₈N]⁺ 515,[M+Na]⁺ 596; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 0.99-1.11 (dd, 6H), 1.13-1.15(d, 6H), 1.37-1.40 (t, 3H), 1.76-1.83 (d, 6H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 3.46-3.52(m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.99-4.13 (m, 3H), 4.31-4.38 (m, 2H), 5.35 (t,1H), 6.90-6.92 (m, 1H), 6.98-7.04 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.52-7.54(m, 1H).

Example 10. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl3-(1-amino-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-1-(2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-10

Into a 8-mL vial, was placed 10.1 (200 mg, 0.35 mmol, 1.00 equiv),CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL), NH₄Cl (37.7 mg, 0.71 mmol, 2.0 equiv), DIEA (91.2 mg,0.71 mmol, 2.0 equiv) and HATU (160.8 mg, 0.42 mmol, 1.20 equiv). Thereaction was stirred overnight at ambient temperature. The resultingmixture was washed with 2×30 mL of H₂O, and extracted with 2×30 mL ofCH₂Cl₂. Organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum. Thecrude was purified by preparative TLC to provide 145.9 mg (73%) ofcompound I-10 as a white solid. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M-NH₂]⁺ 549; ¹H NMR(300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.27-1.32 (t, 3H), 1.61-1.62 (d, 6H), 2.68-2.71(d, 4H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 3.33-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.46-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.71 (s,3H), 3.90-3.96 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.17 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.32 (m, 2H), 5.06-5.11(t, 1H), 6.72 (brs, 1H), 6.94-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.20 (m, 3H).

Example 11. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)ethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-11

Compound I-11 was prepared from 10.1 and propan-2-amine using theprocedure described in Example 10. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M-C₃H₈N]⁺ 549; ¹HNMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.97-1.0 (m, 6H), 1.27-1.32 (t, 3H), 1.59-1.61(d, 6H), 2.69-2.70 (d, 4H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 3.41-3.48 (m, 3H), 3.68 (s,3H), 3.78-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.89-4.01 (m, 1H), 4.03-4.12 (m, 1H), 4.26-4.30(m, 2H), 5.08-5.11 (t, 1H), 6.89-6.96 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.27 (m, 3H).

Example 12. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)ethyl)-5-methyl-3-(2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-12

Compound I-12 was prepared from compound 12.1 and pyrrolidine using theprocedure described in Example 10. LC-MS: (ES, m/z): [M-C₄H₈N]⁺ 535; ¹HNMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.23-1.30 (t, 3H), 1.59 (s, 6H), 1.60-1.68 (m,4H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 2.92-2.94 (m, 1H), 3.02-3.04 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.33 (m,3H), 3.33-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.35-3.37 (m, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.98-4.0 (m,1H), 4.23-4.34 (m, 2H), 4.55-4.59 (t, 1H), 5.08-5.13 (t, 1H), 6.96-7.0(m, 1H), 7.08-7.15 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.23 (dd, 1H).

Example 13. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)ethyl)-5-methyl-3-(2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-13

Compound I-13 was prepared from 10.1 and pyrrolidine using the proceduredescribed in Example 10. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M-C₄H₈N]⁺ 549; ¹H NMR (300MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.27-1.33 (t, 3H), 1.60-1.68 (m, 10H), 2.69-2.70 (d,4H), 2.92-2.95 (m, 1H), 3.11 (s, 4H), 3.23-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.34-3.40 (m,2H), 3.43-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.98-4.02 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.33 (m,3H), 5.08-5.12 (t, 1H), 6.98-7.03 (m, 1H), 7.09-7.16 (m, 2H).

Example 14. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl3-(1-amino-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-1-(2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-14

Compound I-14 was prepared from compound 14.1 and NH₄Cl using theprocedure described in Example 10. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M-NH₂]⁺ 544; ¹H NMR(300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.23-1.32 (m, 3H), 1.62 (s, 6H), 2.68-2.70 (m,5H), 3.43-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.93-3.98 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.20 (m,1H), 4.20-4.29 (m, 2H), 5.10-5.13 (m, 1H), 6.72-6.80 (m, 1H), 6.97-7.01(m, 2H), 7.12-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.24 (m, 1H).

Example 15. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-15

Compound I-15 was prepared from 14.1 and propan-2-amine using theprocedure described in Example 10. LC-MS [M-C₃H₈N]⁺ 544; ¹H NMR (300MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.96-1.00 (m, 6H), 1.27-1.32 (t, 3H), 1.59-1.62 (d,6H), 2.66-2.69 (m, 5H), 3.45-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.72-3.88 (m,1H), 3.96-4.14 (m, 2H), 4.25-4.29 (m, 2H), 5.10-5.13 (t, 1H), 6.97-7.0(m, 2H), 7.14-7.19 (m, 2H), 7.22-7.26 (m, 1H).

Example 16. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl)-5-methyl-3-(2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-16

Compound I-16 was prepared from 14.1 and pyrrolidine using the proceduredescribed in Example 10. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M-C₄H₈N]⁺ 544; ¹H NMR (300MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.27-1.32 (t, 3H), 1.60-1.69 (m, 10H), 2.68 (s, 5H),2.92-3.10 (m, 2H), 3.33-3.49 (m, 4H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 4.02-4.28 (m, 4H),5.13-5.15 (m, 1H), 7.03-7.05 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.16 (m, 2H).

Example 17. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl3-(1-amino-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-1-(2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-17

Compound I-17 was prepared from 12.1 and NH₄Cl using the proceduredescribed in Example 10. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M-NH₂]⁺ 535; ¹H NMR (300 MHz,DMSO-d₆): δ 1.28-1.32 (t, 3H), 1.61-1.63 (d, 6H), 2.71 (s, 3H),3.28-3.31 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.46 (m, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.88-3.93 (m, 1H),4.14-4.17 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.33 (m, 2H), 4.59-4.62 (t, 1H), 5.07-5.10 (t,1H), 6.72 (brs, 1H), 6.92-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.25 (m,1H).

Example 18. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)ethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-18

Compound I-18 was prepared from 12.1 and propan-2-amine using proceduredescribed in Example 10. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M-C₃H₈N]⁺ 535; ¹H NMR (300MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.98-1.01 (t, 6H), 1.29-1.32 (t, 3H), 1.59-1.62 (d,6H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 3.27-3.30 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.45 (m, 3H), 3.66 (s, 3H),3.82-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.97 (m, 1H), 4.09-4.13 (m, 1H), 4.25-4.30 (m,2H), 4.59-4.62 (t, 1H), 5.08-5.10 (t, 1H), 6.91-6.95 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.11(t, 1H), 7.24-7.28 (m, 2H).

Example 19. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-19

Compound I-19 was prepared from compound 19.1 and propan-2-amine usingprocedure described in Example 10. LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M-C₃H₈N]⁺ 491; ¹HNMR: (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 0.97-0.99 (d, 6H), 1.23-1.30 (t, 3H), 1.60 (s,6H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.81-3.86 (m, 1H), δ3.93-3.95 (d, 2H),4.23-4.29 (m, 2H), 5.27-5.29 (m, 1H), 5.78-5.80 (d, 1H), 6.89-6.94 (m,1H), 7.04-7.10 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.29 (m, 2H).

Example 20. Synthesis of ethyl1-((R)-2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl)-3-((S)-1-(isopropylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-20

Synthesis of Compound 20.2.

Into a 5-L 4-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed 1.8(80.0 g, 310.9 mmol, 1.00 equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (2400 mL), BTC (37.0 g, 0.40equiv). This was followed by the addition of Et₃N (126.0 g, 1.25 mol,4.00 equiv) dropwise with stirring at −20° C. The mixture was stirredfor 30 min at −20° C. To this was added tert-butyl 2-aminopropanoatehydrochloride (56.5 g, 1.00 equiv) at 0-5° C. The reaction was stirredfor 40 min at 0° C. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of1000 mL of NH₄Cl (aq). The resulting solution was extracted with 2×1000mL of CH₂Cl₂, organic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. Thecrude product was re-crystallized from CH₂Cl₂/petrol ether to furnish129.0 g (97.0%) of 20.2.

Synthesis of Compound 20.3.

Into a 5000-mL 4-necked round-bottom under nitrogen, was placed 20.2(129.0 g, 301.05 mmol, 1.00 equiv), t-BuOH (2500 mL), Cs₂CO₃ (392.8 g,1.21 mol, 4.00 equiv). The reaction was stirred overnight at 80° C. Thereaction was quenched by the addition of 1000 mL of NH₄Cl (aq). Theresulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum, extracted with 2×1000mL of EtOAc. Organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum.The crude product was re-crystallized from EtOAc: PE to provide 100.5 g(87.0%) of 20.3 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 20.4.

Into a 3000-mL 4-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed20.3 (100.5 g, 262.8 mmol, 1.00 equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (1000 mL), TFA (400 mL).The reaction was stirred for 30 minutes at ambient temperature. Theresulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude product wasre-crystallized from CH₂Cl₂/PE to provide 84.0 g (98.0%) of 20.4 as awhite solid.

Synthesis of Compound 20.5.

Into a 2000-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed20.4 (20.0 g, 61.29 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (400 mL), imidazole (8.4 g,2.00 equiv), and TBDPSCl (33.6 g, 2.00 equiv). The reaction was stirredfor 2 hours at room temperature. The solids were filtered out andsolvents were removed under reduced pressure. The crude was purified bycolumn chromatography to furnish 32.0 g (92.0%) of 20.5 as a whitesolid.

Synthesis of Compound 20.7.

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed20.5 (3 g, 5.31 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (45 mL), 20.6 (1.53 g, 6.40 mmol,1.20 equiv), DIAD (1.62 g, 8.01 mmol, 1.50 equiv), followed by theaddition of PPh₃ (2.79 g, 10.64 mmol, 2.00 equiv) in portions. Thereaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The resultingmixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified by columnchromatography to furnish 4.8 g (crude) of 20.7 as a yellow solid.

Synthesis of Compound 20.8.

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 20.7 (4.8 g, 6.11 mmol,1.00 equiv), THF (50 mL) and TBAF (4.8 g, 15.24 mmol, 2.50 equiv). Thereaction was stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature. Upon completionthe reaction was then quenched by the addition of 50 mL of NaCl (aq).The resulting solution was extracted with 2×50 mL of EtOAc. Organiclayers were combined and concentrated under vacuum. The crude waspurified by column chromatography to furnish 2.5 g (75.0%) of 20.8 as awhite solid.

Synthesis of Compound 20.9.

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed 20.8 (500 mg,0.91 mmol, 1.00 equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (5.0 mL), propan-2-amine (107.9 mg, 1.82mmol, 2.00 equiv), DIEA (236.3 mg, 1.83 mmol, 2.00 equiv), HATU (521.3mg, 1.37 mmol, 1.50 equiv). The reaction was stirred overnight at roomtemperature, then quenched by the addition of 50 mL of NaCl (aq). Theresulting solution was extracted with 2×30 mL of CH₂Cl₂, organic layerscombined and concentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified bypreparative TLC to provide 300.0 mg (56.0%) of 20.9 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound I-20.

Crude 20.9 (300.0 mg) was purified by Chiral-Preparative HPLC to furnish127.6 mg (43.0%) of 1-20 as a white solid. LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺589;¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.98-1.04 (dd, 6H), 1.28-1.33 (t, 3H),1.38-1.41 (d, 3H), 2.60-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 3.33-3.44 (m, 1H),3.45-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.86-3.92 (m, 1H), 4.08-4.11 (d, 2H),4.26-4.32 (m, 2H), 5.10-5.14 (t, 1H), 5.19-5.23 (m, 1H), 7.01-7.06 (m,1H), 7.13-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.46 (d, 1H).

Example 21. Synthesis of compound ethyl1-((R)-2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-3-((R)-1-(isopropylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-21

Compound I-21 was obtained by chiral separation of compound 20.9.LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺589; ¹H NMR: (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.96-1.04 (dd,6H), 1.29-1.34 (t, 3H), 1.37-1.40 (d, 3H), 2.65-2.69 (t, 2H), 2.75 (s,3H), 3.41-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.82-3.90 (m,1H), 4.02-4.07 (m, 1H), 4.17-4.32 (m, 3H), 5.15-5.20 (m, 2H), 7.0-7.05(m, 1H), 7.13-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.42 (d, 1H).

Example 22. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl-3-(2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-22

Compound I-22 was prepared from 19.1 and pyrrolidine using proceduredescribed in example 10. LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M-C₄H₈N]⁺ 491; ¹H NMR (300MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ1.27-1.32 (t, 3H), 1.61-1.72 (m, 10H), 2.70 (s, 3H),2.99-3.08 (m, 2H), 3.27-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.92-3.96 (m, 1H),4.00-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.32 (m, 2H), 5.27-5.30 (m, 1H), 5.83-5.85 (m,1H), 6.92-6.97 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.12 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.25 (m, 1H).

Example 23. Synthesis of ethyl1-((R)-2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3-((S)-1-oxo-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-23

Compound I-23 was prepared from 20.8 and pyrrolidine using proceduredescribed in Example 20. LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺ 601; ¹H NMR (300 MHz,DMSO-d₆): δ1.28-1.36 (m, 6H), 1.52-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.77 (m, 3H),2.61-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.75-2.81 (m, 4H), 3.20-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.32-3.38 (m,2H), 3.40-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 4.02-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.18-4.26 (m,1H), 4.27-4.32 (m, 2H), 5.11-5.16 (m, 1H), 5.36-5.41 (m, 1H), 7.03-7.07(m, 1H), 7.14-7.22 (m, 2H).

Example 24. Synthesis of ethyl1-((R)-2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3-((R)-1-oxo-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-24

Compound I-24 was prepared by chiral separation of compound 23.1.LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺601; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.28-1.35 (m,6H), 1.52-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.77 (m, 3H), 2.62-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.74-2.83(m, 4H), 3.22-3.28 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.51-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.77(s, 3H), 4.03-4.46 (m, 2H), 4.22-4.33 (m, 2H), 5.14-5.18 (m, 1H),5.33-5.38 (m, 1H), 7.02-7.07 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.23 (m, 2H).

Example 25. Synthesis of ethyl3-((S)-1-amino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-1-((R)-2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-25

Compound I-25 was prepared from 20.8 and NH₄Cl using procedure describedin Example 20. LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M-NH₂]⁺ 530; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆):δ 1.29-1.33 (t, 3H), 1.41-1.43 (d, 3H), 2.62-2.65 (t, 2H), 2.76 (s, 3H),3.40-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 4.02-4.18 (m, 2H),4.26-4.32 (m, 2H), 5.13-5.17 (t, 1H), 5.24-5.27 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.97 (m,1H), 7.04-7.06 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.19 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.24 (m, 1H).

Example 26. Synthesis of ethyl3-((R)-1-amino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-1-((R)-2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-26

Compound I-26 was prepared by chiral separation of 25.1. LC-MS:(ES,m/z): [M-NH₂]⁺ 530; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 1.30-1.34 (t, 3H),1.39-1.41 (d, 3H), 2.64-2.68 (t, 2H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 3.42-3.49 (m, 1H),3.50-3.53 (m, 1H), δ3.77 (s, 3H), 3.98-4.03 (m, 1H), 4.18-4.22 (m, 1H),4.26-4.33 (m, 2H), 5.13-5.17 (t, 1H), 5.23-5.25 (m, 1H), 6.98-6.99 (m,1H), 7.02-7.06 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.26(m, 1H).

Example 27. Synthesis of ethyl1-((R)-2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl)-3-((R)-1-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-27

Compound I-27 was synthesized from 20.8 and methyl(propan-2-yl)amineusing procedure described in Example 20. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺ 603; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.92-1.18 (m, 6H), 1.40-1.44 (t, 3H), 1.60-1.63(d, 3H), 2.52-2.56 (t, 2H), 2.63 (s, 2H), 2.78 (s, 1H), 2.87-2.88 (d,3H), 3.46-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 4.14-4.23 (m,2H), 4.35-4.42 (m, 2H), 4.88-4.92 (m, 1H), 5.29-5.31 (m, 1H), 5.54-5.71(m, 1H), 6.82-6.86 (m, 1H), 7.0-7.06 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.23 (m, 1H).

Example 28. Synthesis of ethyl1-((R)-2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl)-3-((S)-1-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-28

Compound I-28 was prepared by chiral separation of 27.1.LC-MS-PH-NAM-2546-0:(ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺603; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ0.88-0.90 (m, 1H), 0.95-1.04 (m, 4H), 1.05-1.10 (m, 1H), 1.31-1.36 (m,6H), 2.47-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.64 (m, 3H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 3.33-3.36 (m,1H), 3.48-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 4.11-4.17 (m, 2H), 4.28-4.62 (m,3H), 5.11-5.13 (t, 1H), 5.38-5.50 (m, 1H), 7.08-7.11 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.29(m, 2H).

Example 29. Synthesis of (R)-ethyl1-(2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl)-3-(1-(ethylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-29

Synthesis of Compound 29.2.

Into a 50-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed 29.1(1.0 g, 1.73 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (10 mL), DIAD (524 mg, 2.59 mmol,1.50 equiv), and 20.6 (620 mg, 2.59 mmol, 1.50 equiv). This was followedby addition of PPh₃ (680 mg, 2.59 mmol, 1.50 equiv) in portions. Thereaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The resultingmixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified by columnchromatography to provide 1.6 g of 29.2 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 14.1.

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 29.2 (1.6 g, 2.00 mmol, 1.00equiv), THF (10 mL), TBAF (1.89 g, 6.0 mmol, 3.0 equiv). The reactionwas stirred overnight at room temperature. The resulting mixture waswashed with 2×50 mL of water and extracted with 2×50 mL of EtOAc.Organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum. The crudewas purified by column chromatography to furnish 425 mg (38.0%) of 14.1as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound I-29.

Compound I-29 was prepared from compound 14.1 and ethylaminehydrochloride using procedure from Example 10. LC-MS:(ES, m/z):[M-C₂H₆N]⁺ 544, [M+Na]⁺: 611; ¹H NMR: (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.93-0.98(t, 3H), 1.27-1.32 (t, 3H), 1.60-1.62 (d, 6H), 2.66-2.69 (m, 5H),3.0-3.05 (m, 2H), 3.44-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.94-4.01 (m, 1H),4.10-4.18 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.30 (m, 2H), 5.09-5.14 (t, 1H), 6.96-7.01 (m,1H), 7.10-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.44 (t, 1H).

Example 30. Synthesis of ethyl1-((R)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)ethyl)-3-((R)-1-(isopropyl(methyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-30

Synthesis of Compound 30.2.

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed 30.1 (500 mg,0.93 mmol, 1.00 equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (5.0 mL), methyl(propan-2-yl)amine (135.4mg, 1.85 mmol, 2.00 equiv), DIEA (239.8 mg, 1.86 mmol, 2.00 equiv), andHATU (529.1 mg, 1.39 mmol, 1.50 equiv). The reaction was stirredovernight at room temperature. Resulting mixture was washed with 2×25 mLof water. The resulting solution was extracted with 2×25 mL of CH₂Cl₂,organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum. The crudeproduct was purified by Flash-Prep-HPLC to provide 310 mg (56.0%) ofethyl 30.2 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound I-30.

Compound I-30 was prepared by chiral separation of compound 30.2.LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺594; ¹H NMR: (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 0.87-0.89 (d,1H), 1.06-1.20 (m, 5H), 1.41-1.48 (m, 6H), 2.61 (s, 2H), δ2.76-2.85 (m,4H), 3.32-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.62 (m, 3H), 3.78-3.83 (d, 3H), 4.12-4.20(m, 1H), 4.34-4.40 (m, 3H), 4.78-4.82 (m, 1H), 5.29-5.32 (m, 1H),5.52-5.69 (m, 1H), 6.95-7.04 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.31 (m, 1H).

Example 31. Synthesis of ethyl(R)-1-(2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-31

Compound I-31 was prepared from 31.1 and propan-2-amine using proceduredescribed in Example 10. LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M-C₃H₈N]⁺526, [M+Na]⁺:607; ¹HNMR: (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.97-1.01 (dd, 6H), 1.27-1.33 (t, 3H),1.59-1.63 (d, 6H), 2.62-2.70 (m, 5H), 3.35-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.52 (m,1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.80-3.85 (m, 1H), 4.0-4.11 (m, 2H), 4.24-4.31 (m,2H), 5.14-5.19 (t, 1H), 6.98-7.06 (m, 2H), δ7.13-7.16 (d, 1H), 7.29-7.33(t, 1H), 7.42-7.43 (d, 1H).

Example 32. Synthesis of ethyl(R)-1-(2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-3-(1-(ethylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-32

Compound I-32 was prepared from 31.1 and ethylamine hydrochloride usingprocedure described in Example 10. LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M-C₂H₆N]⁺ 526,[M+Na]⁺:593; ¹H-NMR: (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 0.93-0.98 (t, 3H), 1.27-1.33(t, 3H), 1.61-1.63 (d, 6H), 2.62-2.73 (m, 5H), 3.01-3.05 (m, 2H),3.38-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.95-3.99 (m, 1H), 4.07-4.12 (m, 1H),4.24-4.31 (m, 2H), 5.12-5.17 (m, 1H), 6.98-7.06 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.35 (m,1H), 7.40-7.42 (m, 2H).

Example 33. Synthesis of ethyl(R)-1-(2-(cyanomethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-33

Synthesis of Compound 33.1.

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed1.93 (3.0 g, 6.97 mmol, 1.00 equiv), NMP (30.0 mL),2-bromo-1-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one (2.1 g, 8.50 mmol, 1.20equiv), K₂CO₃ (2.9 g, 20.9 mmol, 3.00 equiv). The reaction was stirredfor 3 hours at room temperature, then quenched by the addition of 100 mLof NH₄Cl (aq). The resulting solution was extracted with 2×100 mL ofEtOAc. Organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum. Thecrude was purified by column chromatography to provide 3.95 g (95.0%) of33.1 as a yellow solid.

Synthesis of Compound 33.2.

Into a 100-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed33.1 (3.95 g, 6.62 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (12.0 mL),RuCl[(S,S)-Ts-dpen](p-cymene) (85 mg), and Et₃N (20 mL). This wasfollowed by the addition of HCOOH (5.1 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. in a water/ice bath. The reaction was stirred for 3 days at 0° C.,then quenched by the addition of 150 mL of NH₄Cl (aq). The resultingsolution was extracted with 2×150 mL of EtOAc, organic layers combinedand concentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified by columnchromatography to furnish 3.85 g (97.0%) of 33.2 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 33.3.

Into a 100-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed33.2 (1.0 g, 1.67 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in THF (10 mL). This was followed bythe addition of LiHMDS (3.34 mL, 3.34 mmol, 2.00 equiv, 1 M) dropwisewith stirring at 0° C. in a water/ice bath. The mixture was stirred for1 h at room temperature. To this was added 2-bromoacetonitrile (801.5mg, 6.68 mmol, 4.00 equiv). The reaction was stirred overnight at roomtemperature, then quenched by the addition of 50 mL of NH₄Cl (aq). Theresulting solution was extracted with 2×50 mL of EtAOc, organic layerswere combined and concentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified bypreparative TLC to furnish 320 mg (30%) of 33.3 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 33.4.

A 25-mL round-bottom flask, was charged with 33.3 (320 mg, 0.50 mmol,1.00 equiv), methanol (5 mL), Pd(OH)₂/C (60.0 mg). Suspension was purgedwith H₂ gas. The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. Thesolids were filtered out and mixture was concentrated under vacuum. Thecrude was purified by preparative TLC to furnish 110 mg (40.0%) of 33.4as a white solid

Synthesis of Compound I-33.

Compound I-33 was prepared from propan-2-amine and 33.4 using procedurein Example 10. LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺589; ¹H NMR:(300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ0.97-1.0 (dd, 6H), 1.27-1.33 (t, 3H), 6.59-1.62 (d, 6H), 2.70 (s, 3H),3.74 (s, 3H), 3.79-3.87 (m, 1H), 4.04-4.19 (m, 2H), 4.23-4.34 (m, 3H),4.47-4.53 (d, 1H), 5.19-5.24 (t, 1H), 7.0-7.05 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.32 (m,3H).

Example 34. Synthesis of ethyl1-((R)-2-((R)-2-cyanopropoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-34

Synthesis of Compound 34.1.

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed1.93 (5.0 g, 11.62 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (50 mL),(2R)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-[(2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)oxy]ethan-1-ol(3.35 g, 13.94 mmol, 1.20 equiv), DIAD (4.7 g, 23.24 mmol, 2.00 equiv).This was followed by the addition of PPh₃ (6.09 g, 23.22 mmol, 2.00equiv) in portions at 0° C. in a water/ice bath. The reaction wasstirred overnight at room temperature. The resulting mixture wasconcentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified by columnchromatography to furnish in 8.0 g (crude) of 34.1 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 34.2.

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed 34.1 (8.0 g, 12.26mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (150 mL), water (5 mL), NMO (4.3 g, 36.71 mmol,3.00 equiv), and OsO₄ (155.7 mg). The reaction was stirred overnight atroom temperature, then quenched by the addition of 150 mL of NH₄Cl (aq).The resulting solution was extracted with 2×150 mL of EtAOc and theorganic layers combined and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentratedunder vacuum to provide 8.8 g (crude) of 34.2 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 34.3.

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed 34.2 (8.8 g, 12.81mmol, 1.00 equiv), MeOH (160 mL), water (40 mL) and NaIO₄ (6.03 g, 2.20equiv). The reaction was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature, thenquenched by the addition of 200 mL of NH₄Cl (aq). The resulting solutionwas extracted with 2×200 mL of EtOAc. Organic layers were combined,dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum. This resultedin 7.8 g (crude) of 34.3 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 34.4.

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed34.3 (7.8 g, 11.91 mmol, 1.00 equiv), methanol (150 mL), NaBH₄ (679.1mg, 17.95 mmol, 1.50 equiv). The reaction was stirred for 3 hours atroom temperature, then quenched by the addition of 150 mL of NH₄Cl (aq).The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum then extracted with2×150 mL of EtOAc. Organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrousNa₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum, to provide 3.5 g (45.0%) of 34.4as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 34.5.

Into a 100-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed34.4 (1.8 g, 2.74 mmol, 1.00 equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL), Et₃N (415 mg, 4.10mmol, 1.50 equiv) and MsCl (376.8 mg, 1.20 equiv). The reaction wasstirred for 5 hours at room temperature. The resulting mixture waswashed with 2×100 mL of H₂O, extracted with 2×100 mL of CH₂Cl₂. Organiclayers were combined and concentrated under vacuum. The crude waspurified by column chromatography to provide 2.0 g (crude) of 34.5 as awhite solid.

Synthesis of Compound 34.6.

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed34.5 (2.0 g, 2.72 mmol, 1.00 equiv), DMSO (20 mL), KCN (531.3 mg, 8.16mmol, 3.00 equiv), 18-Crown-6 (719.3 mg, 2.72 mmol, 1.00 equiv). Thereaction was stirred overnight at 60° C. Upon completion of the reactionthe mixture was washed with 2×100 mL of NaHCO₃ (aq). The resultingsolution was extracted with 2×100 mL of EtOAc. Organic layers werecombined and concentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified by columnchromatography to furnish 660 mg (36%) of 34.6 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 34.7.

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 34.6 (660 mg, 0.99 mmol,1.00 equiv), ethanol (10 mL), Pd(OH)₂/C (240 mg). Mixture was purgedwith H₂ gas. The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. Thesolids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated undervacuum, and resulting crude purified by column chromatography to provide650 mg of 34.7 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 34.8.

Compound 34.8 was prepared from compound 34.7 and propan-2-amine usingprocedure exemplified in Example 10.

Synthesis of Compound I-34.

Compound I-34 was prepared by chiral separation of compound 34.8.LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺617; ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.96-1.00 (dd,6H), 1.08-1.11 (d, 3H), 1.27-1.32 (t, 3H), 1.59-1.62 (d, 6H), 2.70 (s,3H), 2.96-3.01 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.74 (s,3H), 3.79-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.98-4.09 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.21 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.31(m, 2H), 5.12-5.16 (t, 1H), 6.98-7.01 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.25 (m, 3H)

Example 35. Synthesis of ethyl1-((R)-2-((S)-2-cyanopropoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-35

Compound I-35 was prepared by chiral separation of compound 34.8.LC-MS:(ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺617; ¹H NMR: (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.96-1.00 (dd,6H), 1.06-1.10 (d, 3H), 1.27-1.32 (t, 3H), 1.59-1.62 (d, 6H), 2.69 (s,3H), 2.95-3.02 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.81-3.86 (m,1H), 3.98-4.13 (m, 2H), 4.24-4.31 (m, 2H), 5.13-5.17 (t, 1H), 6.98-7.04(m, 1H), 7.12-7.24 (m, 3H).

Example 36. Synthesis of ethyl(R)-1-(2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-(methylsulfonyl)ethoxy)ethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-36

Compound I-36 was prepared from compound 36.1 using procedure describedin Example 10. LC-MS: (ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺ 656; ¹H NMR: (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆):δ 1.0-1.02 (d, 6H), 1.30-1.32 (t, 3H), 1.60-1.62 (d, 6H), 2.70 (s, 3H),2.99 (s, 3H), 3.32-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.63-3.69 (m, 5H), 3.83-3.96 (m, 2H),4.17-4.29 (m, 3H), 5.12-5.14 (m, 1H), 6.96-6.99 (m, 1H), 7.11-7.17 (m,1H), 7.20-7.28 (m, 2H).

Example 37. Synthesis of ethyl(R)-1-(2-(2-cyano-2-methylpropoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-37

Synthesis of Compound 37.1.

A 25-mL round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was charged with 29.1 (500mg, 0.86 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (5 mL),3-[(1R)-1-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethoxy]-2,2-dimethylpropanenitrile(277 mg, 1.04 mmol, 1.20 equiv), and DIAD (262 mg, 1.30 mmol, 1.50equiv), followed by the addition of PPh₃ (453 mg, 1.73 mmol, 2.00 equiv)in portions. The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature.Upon completion of the reaction, mixture was concentrated under vacuum.The residue was purified by column chromatography to furnish 860 mg(crude) of 37.1 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 37.2.

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 37.1 (860 mg, 1.04 mmol,1.00 equiv), THF (10 mL) and TBAF (981.5 mg, 3.12 mmol, 3.00 equiv). Thereaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The resultingmixture was washed with 2×50 mL of H₂O. The resulting solution wasextracted with 2×30 mL of EtOAc. Organic layers were combined andconcentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified by columnchromatography 620 mg of 37.2 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound I-37.

Compound I-37 was prepared from propan-2-amine and compound 37.2 usingprocedure described in Example 10. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺ 631; ¹H NMR(300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.96-0.98 (dd, 6H), 1.15-1.18 (d, 6H), 1.28-1.32(t, 3H), 1.60-1.61 (d, 6H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 3.21-3.24 (d, 1H), 3.32-3.35(m, 1H), 3.77-3.88 (m, 4H), 3.95-4.00 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.20 (m, 1H),4.20-4.33 (m, 2H), 5.15-5.19 (m, 1H), 7.01-7.05 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.20 (m,3H).

Example 38. Synthesis of ethyl(R)-1-(2-(2-cyano-2-methylpropoxy)-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-38

Synthesis of Compound 38.1.

Into a 100-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanenitrile (20 g, 201.75 mmol, 3.00 equiv),Al(OTf)₃ (3.19 g, 6.73 mmol, 0.10 equiv). This was followed by 1.2 (10g, 66.59 mmol, 1.00 equiv) dropwise with stirring at 0-5° C. Theresulting solution was stirred for 2.5 hours at room temperature. Thereaction was then quenched by the addition of 100 mL of NaHCO₃ (aq). Theresulting solution was extracted with 3×100 mL of MTBE and the organiclayers combined. The crude was purified by column chromatography toprovide 4.3 g (26.0%) of 38.1 as yellow oil.

Synthesis of Compound 38.2.

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 38.1 (4.3 g, 17.25 mmol,1.00 equiv), toluene (20 mL), ethenyl butanoate (984 mg, 8.62 mmol, 0.50equiv) and CAL-B (640 mg). The reaction was stirred for 3 hours at roomtemperature. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture wasconcentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified by columnchromatography to provide 1.8 g (33.0%) of 38.2 as yellow oil.

Synthesis of Compound 38.3.

Into a 100-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed 38.2 (1.8 g, 5.64mmol, 1.00 equiv), MeOH (20 mL), a solution of NaOH (248 mg, 6.20 mmol,1.10 equiv) in water (2.0 mL). The reaction was stirred for 1 hour atroom temperature. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 7.0 withacetic acid and mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The resultingsolution was extracted with 2×50 mL of EtOAc and the organic layerscombined. The resulting mixture was washed with 2×50 mL of Na₂CO₃ (aq).The resulting mixture was washed with 2×5 0 mL of NaCl (aq), dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under vacuum to provide 1.4 g (99.0%)of 38.3 as yellow oil.

Synthesis of Compound 38.4.

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed 29.1 (500 mg,0.86 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (5 mL), 38.3 (258 mg, 1.03 mmol, 1.20equiv), and DIAD (262 mg, 1.30 mmol, 1.50 equiv). This was followed bythe addition of PPh₃ (340 mg, 1.30 mmol, 1.50 equiv) in portions. Thereaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The resultingmixture was concentrated under vacuum. Crude was purified by columnchromatography to furnish 840 mg of 38.4 as a yellow oil.

Synthesis of Compound 38.5.

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 38.4 (840 mg, 1.04 mmol,1.00 equiv), THF (5 mL) and TBAF (980 mg, 3.11 mmol, 3.00 equiv). Thereaction was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. Upon completion of thereaction, mixture was washed with 2×50 mL of H₂O. The resulting solutionwas extracted with 2×50 mL of EtOAc. Organic layers were combined andconcentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified by columnchromatography to furnish 210 mg (35.0%) of 38.5 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound I-38.

Compound I-38 was prepared from 38.5 and propan-2-amine using proceduredescribed in Example 10. LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺ 613; ¹H NMR (300 MHz,DMSO-d₆): δ 0.97-0.99 (d, 6H), 1.17-1.20 (d, 6H), 1.28-0.33 (t, 3H),1.60-1.62 (d, 6H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 3.16-3.19 (d, 1H), 3.26-3.29 (d, 1H),3.80-3.90 (m, 4H), 3.95-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.25-4.32 (q,2H), 5.19-5.23 (m, 1H), 7.02-7.08 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.14 (d, 1H), 7.31-7.34(m, 1H), 7.37-7.42 (m, 1H).

Example 39. Synthesis of ethyl(R)-3-(1-(ethylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-1-(2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-39

Compound I-39 was prepared from compound 19.1 and ethylaminehydrochloride using procedure described in Example 19. LC-MS (ES, m/z):[M+Na]⁺ 558; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.96-0.98 (t, 3H), 1.31-1.33(t, 3H), 1.62 (s, 6H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 3.01-3.06 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 3H),3.91-3.97 (m, 2H), 4.24-4.33 (m, 2H), 5.28-5.32 (m, 1H), 5.79-5.80 (d,1H), 6.91-6.94 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.10 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.50(t, 1H)

Example 40. Synthesis of ethyl1-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-40

Synthesis of Compound 40.1.

A 100-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was charged with29.1 (1.5 g, 2.59 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (15 mL),2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)ethan-1-ol (529.4 mg, 3.11 mmol, 1.20equiv) and DIAD (786.3 mg, 3.89 mmol, 1.50 equiv). This was followed bythe addition of PPh₃ (1.36 g, 5.19 mmol, 2.00 equiv) in portions. Thereaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The resultingmixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified by columnchromatography to provide 2.1 g of 40.1 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 40.2.

Into a 50-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed 40.1(2.1 (2.1 g, 2.87 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (15 mL), TBAF (2.72 g, 8.63mmol, 3.00 equiv) and H₂O (1 mL). The reaction was stirred overnight atroom temperature. The resulting mixture was washed with 2×100 mL of H₂O.The resulting solution was extracted with 2×100 mL of EtOAc, organiclayers were combined and concentrated under vacuum. The crude waspurified by column chromatography to furnish 1.2 g (85.0%) of 40.2 as awhite solid.

Synthesis of Compound I-40.

A 50-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was charged with40.2 (1.2 g, 2.44 mmol, 1.00 equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (12.0 mL), propan-2-amine(287.2 mg, 4.86 mmol, 2.00 equiv), DIEA (628 mg, 4.86 mmol, 2.00 equiv)and HATU (1.39 g, 3.66 mmol, 1.50 equiv). The reaction was stirredovernight at room temperature, then washed with 2×100 mL of H₂O. Theresulting solution was extracted with 2×50 mL of EtOAc and the organiclayers combined and concentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified bypreparative HPLC to furnish 730 mg (56.0%) of 1-40 as a white solid.LC-MS (ES, m z): [M-C₃H₈N]⁺ 475; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.98-1.01(d, 6H), 1.28-1.33 (t, 3H), 1.60 (s, 6H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 2.93-2.98 (t,2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.80-3.89 (m, 1H), 4.01-4.04 (t, 2H), 4.24-4.31 (q,2H), 6.89-6.94 (m, 1H), 7.00-7.09 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.32 (d, 1H).

Example 41. Synthesis of ethyl1-((R)-2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl)-3-((R)-1-(ethylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-41

Compound I-41 was prepared from compound 20.8, ethanamine hydrochlorideusing procedure described in Example 20. LC-MS: (ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺ 575;¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.95-1.00 (t, 3H), 1.29-1.34 (t, 3H),1.42-1.44 (d, 3H), 2.62-2.66 (t, 2H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 3.03-3.11 (m, 2H),3.41-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 4.01-4.21 (m, 2H),4.27-4.33 (m, 2H), 5.12-5.15 (m, 1H), 5.24-5.32 (m, 1H), 7.02-7.06 (m,1H), 7.13-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.68-7.71 (t, 1H).

Example 42. Synthesis of compound ethyl1-((R)-2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)-3-((S)-1-(ethylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-42

Compound I-42 was prepared by chiral separation of compound 41.1. LC-MS(ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺ 575; ¹H NMR: (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.94-0.99 (t, 3H),1.29-1.34 (t, 3H), 1.39-1.42 (d, 3H), 2.65-2.69 (t, 2H), 2.76 (s, 3H),3.03-3.07 (m, 2H), 3.42-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.99-4.06 (m, 1H),4.18-4.33 (m, 3H), 5.14-5.26 (m, 2H), 7.01-7.05 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.28 (m,2H), 7.67-7.70 (t, 1H).

Example 43. Synthesis of ethyl1-((R)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-3-((R)-1-(isopropylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-43

Synthesis of Compound 43.2.

A 50-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was charged with43.1 (3.0 g, 7.20 mmol, 1.00 equiv), NMP (15 mL), K₂CO₃ (2.99 g, 21.63mmol, 3.00 equiv) and 2-bromo-1-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one(1.87 g, 7.57 mmol, 1.05 equiv). The reaction was stirred for 3 hours atroom temperature, then quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. Thesolids were filtered out. The resulting solution was extracted with2×100 mL of EtOAc. Organic layers were combined and concentrated undervacuum. The crude was purified by column chromatography to furnish 3.5 g(83.0%) of 43.2 as a white solid

Synthesis of Compound 43.3.

Into a 100-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed43.2 (3.4 g, 5.84 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (10 mL) andRuCl[(S,S)-Ts-dpen](p-cymene) (68 mg), followed by the addition of Et₃N(17.0 mL) and HCOOH (4.4 mL) at 0° C. The reaction was stirred 3 days atroom temperature, then quenched by the addition of 100 mL of water. Theresulting solution was extracted with 2×100 mL of EtOAc. Organic layerswere combined and concentrated under vacuum. The crude was purified bycolumn chromatography to provide 3.3 g (97.0%) of 43.3 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 43.4.

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 43.3 (3.3 g, 5.64 mmol,1.00 equiv), methanol (50.0 mL) and Pd(OH)₂/C (660 mg). Mixture waspurged with H₂ gas. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at roomtemperature. Solids were filtered out, and resulting mixture wasconcentrated under vacuum to provide 2.8 g (crude) of 43.4 as a whitesolid.

Synthesis of Compound 43.5.

Into a 100-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with aninert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed 43.4 (2.8 g, 5.66 mmol, 1.00equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (30.0 mL), propan-2-amine (669 mg, 11.32 mmol, 2.00equiv), DIEA (2.92 g, 22.59 mmol, 4.00 equiv). This was followed by theaddition of HATU (4.3 g, 11.31 mmol, 2.00 equiv) in portions. Thereaction was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature, and then washedwith 2×150 mL of H₂O. The resulting solution was extracted with 2×100 mLof CH₂Cl₂. Organic layers were combined and concentrated under vacuum.The crude was purified by column chromatography and preparative HPLC tofurnish 2.5 g (82.0%) of 43.5 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound I-43.

Compound I-43 was prepared by chiral purification of 43.5. LC-MS (ES,m/z): [M+H]⁺ 536; ¹H NMR: (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.97-0.99 (d, 3H),1.03-1.04 (d, 3H), 1.31-1.38 (m, 6H), 2.78 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 3H),3.86-3.99 (m, 2H), 4.04-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.28-4.33 (m, 2H), 5.18-5.22 (m,1H), 5.30-5.35 (m, 1H), 5.78-5.79 (d, 1H), 6.94-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.06-7.12(m, 1H), 7.25-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.41 (d, 1H).

Example 44. Synthesis of ethyl1-((R)-2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-3-((S)-1-(isopropylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-44

Compound I-44 was prepared by chiral purification of compound 43.5.LC-MS (ES, m/z): [M+H]⁺ 536; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.97-0.99 (d,3H), 1.02-1.04 (d, 3H), 1.30-1.33 (t, 3H), 1.39-1.41 (d, 3H), 2.78 (s,3H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.87-3.96 (m, 2H), 4.04-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.27-4.33 (m,2H), 5.19-5.21 (m, 1H), 5.30-5.32 (m, 1H), 5.77-5.78 (d, 1H), 6.95-6.98(m, 1H), 7.07-7.12 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.41 (d, 1H).

Example 45. Synthesis of ethyl1-(2-(2-cyanoethoxy)-5-fluorophenethyl)-3-(1-(isopropylamino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylate,I-45

Synthesis of Compound 45.1.

A 50-mL round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was charged with 29.1 (1.0 g,1.73 mmol, 1.00 equiv), THF (10 mL),2-[2-(benzyloxy)-5-fluorophenyl]ethan-1-ol (640 mg, 2.60 mmol, 1.50equiv), DIAD (524 mg, 2.59 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and PPh₃ (1.0 g, 3.81 mmol,2.00 equiv). The reaction was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature.The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude waspurified by column chromatography to furnish 500 mg (36.0%) of 45.1 as awhite solid.

Synthesis of Compound 45.2.

Into a 25-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 45.1 (500 mg, 0.62 mmol,1.00 equiv), THF (10 mL) and TBAF (500 mg, 1.91 mmol, 3.00 equiv). Thereaction was stirred for 1.5 hours at room temperature. The resultingsolution was diluted with 20 mL of EtOAc. The resulting mixture waswashed with 2×10 mL of water and 2×20 mL of brine, and then concentratedunder vacuum. The crude was purified by column chromatography to furnish390 mg (95.0%) of 45.2 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 45.3.

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed 45.3 (390 mg, 0.69 mmol,1.00 equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (10.0 mL), propan-2-amine (81 mg, 1.37 mmol, 2.00equiv), DIEA (180 mg, 1.39 mmol, 2.00 equiv) and HATU (520 mg, 1.37mmol, 2.00 equiv). The reaction solution was stirred for 2 hours at roomtemperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. Thecrude was purified by column chromatography to furnish 330 mg (79.0%) of45.3 as a white solid.

Synthesis of Compound 45.4.

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed 45.3 (330mg, 0.54 mmol, 1.00 equiv), MeOH (20 mL) and Pd/C (100 mg). Suspensionwas purged with H₂ gas. The reaction was stirred for 16 hours at roomtemperature. The solids were filtered out, and the resulting mixture wasconcentrated under vacuum to provide mg (92.0%) of 45.4 as a whitesolid.

Synthesis of Compound I-45.

Into a 25-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask under nitrogen, was placed 45.4(260 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv), tert-butanol (44 mg, 1.00 equiv), K₂CO₃(80 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv), but-3-enenitrile (5 mL). The reaction wasstirred overnight at 80° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated undervacuum. The crude was purified by preparative HPLC to furnish 36.3 mg(11.0%) of 1-45 as a white solid. LC-MS (ES, m/z):[M+Na]⁺ 595; ¹H NMR(300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.97-0.99 (d, 6H), 1.28-1.33 (t, 3H), 1.58 (s,6H), 2.71 (s, 3H), 2.96-3.05 (m, 4H), 3.82-3.85 (m, 1H), 4.03-4.08 (t,2H), 4.20-4.32 (m, 4H), 7.01-7.07 (m, 3H), 7.29-7.32 (d, 2H).

Example 46 In Vitro Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) Inhibition Assay

An exemplary procedure for the in vitro ACC inhibition assay, which canbe used to determine the inhibitory action of compounds of the inventiontoward either human (hACC2) or fungal (fACC2) ACC2, follows. TheADP-Glo™ Kinase Assay kit from Promega was used. The ADP-Glo™ KinaseAssay is a luminescent ADP detection assay to measure enzymatic activityby quantifying the amount of ADP produced during an enzyme reaction. Theassay is performed in two steps; first, after the enzyme reaction, anequal volume of ADP-Glo™ Reagent is added to terminate the reaction anddeplete the remaining ATP. Second, the Kinase Detection Reagent is addedto simultaneously convert ADP to ATP and allow the newly synthesized ATPto be measured using a luciferase/luciferin reaction. Luminescence canbe correlated to ADP concentrations by using an ATP-to-ADP conversioncurve. The detailed procedure is as follows. 50 μL of the compound beingtested (600 μM in DMSO) was added to a 384-well dilution plate. Thecompound was diluted 1:3 in succession in DMSO for each row for 11wells. 0.5 μL ACC2 working solution was added to 384-well whiteOptiplate assay plate. 0.5 μL diluted compound solution in each columnfrom step 2 was added to assay plate, each row containing 2 replicates.For the last 2 rows, 0.5 μL negative control (DMSO) was added in one rowand 0.5 μL positive control (compound I-97) in the other. The plateswere incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes. 5 μL substrateworking solution was added to each well to initiate reaction. Final ACC2reaction concentrations consist of: 5 nM ACC2, 20 μM ATP, 20 μMacetyl-CoA, 12 mM NaHCO3, 0.01% Brij35, 2 mM DTT, 5% DMSO, test compoundconcentrations: 30 μM, 10 μM, 3.33 μM, 1.11 μM, 0.37 μM, 0.123 μM,0.0411 μM, 0.0137 μM, 0.00457 μM, 0.00152 μM, and 0.00051 μM. Plateswere incubated at room temperature for 60 minutes. 10 μL ADP glo reagentwas added. Plates were incubated at room temperature for 40 minutes. 20μL kinase detection reagent was added. Plates were incubated at roomtemperature for 40 minutes, and then read on a Perkin Elmer EnVision2104 plate reader for luminescence as Relative Light Units (RLU).

Data for each concentration, as well as the positive and negativecontrols, were averaged, and the standard deviation calculated. Percentinhibition was calculated by the formula: 100×(average negativecontrol−compound)/(average negative control−average positive control).The IC₅₀ for each compound was calculated by fitting the data with anon-linear regression equation: Y=Bottom+(Top-Bottom)/(1+10̂((LogIC₅₀−X)*HillSlope)), where X is the log of compound concentration and Yis percent inhibition.

The results of the in vitro ACC2 inhibition assays are set forth inTable 2a. The compound numbers correspond to the compound numbers inTable 1. Compounds having an activity designated as “AA” provided anIC₅₀ 0.0006-0.003 μM; provided an “A” provided an IC₅₀ 0.003-0.01 μM;compounds having an activity designated as “B” provided an IC₅₀0.01-0.04 μM; and compounds having an activity designated as “C”provided an IC₅₀≧0.04 μM IC₅₀. “NA” stands for “not assayed.”

TABLE 2a Results of in vitro ACC2 Inhibition Assay Compound hACC2 fACC2I-1 A AA I-2 B AA I-3 B AA I-4 B A I-5 B A I-6 B AA I-7 B AA I-8 B AAI-9 B AA I-10 C A I-11 B AA I-12 A AA I-13 B AA I-14 A AA I-15 B AA I-16A AA I-17 B AA I-18 B AA

Additional results of the in vitro ACC2 inhibition assays are set forthin Table 2b. The compound numbers correspond to the compound numbers inTable 1. Compounds having an activity designated as “AA” provided anIC₅₀ 0.0003-0.003 μM; provided an “A” provided an IC₅₀ 0.003-0.01 μM;compounds having an activity designated as “B” provided an IC₅₀0.01-0.04 μM; and compounds having an activity designated as “C”provided an IC₅₀≧0.04 μM IC₅₀. “NA” stands for “not assayed.”

TABLE 2b Results of in vitro ACC2 Inhibition Assay Compound hACC2 fACC2I-1 A AA I-2 B AA I-3 B AA I-4 B A I-5 B A I-6 B AA I-7 B AA I-8 B AAI-9 B AA I-10 C A I-11 B AA I-12 A AA I-13 NA NA I-14 NA AA I-15 A AAI-16 NA AA I-17 NA AA I-18 NA NA I-19 A NA I-20 A AA I-21 AA AA I-22 BAA I-23 A A I-24 A AA I-25 A AA I-26 A AA I-27 AA AA I-28 A AA I-29 A AAI-30 B AA I-31 A AA I-32 A AA I-33 A AA I-34 B AA I-35 A AA I-36 B AAI-37 B AA I-38 B AA I-39 B AA I-40 B A I-41 B AA I-42 A AA I-43 C AAI-44 C B I-45 C A

Example 47 Thermal Shift Assay

Compounds of the present invention are evaluated in a thermal shiftassay using methods substantially similar to those described by Vedadiet al. “Chemical screening methods to identify ligands that promoteprotein stability, protein crystallization, and structuredetermination.” PNAS (2006) vol. 103, 43, 15835-15840, the entirety ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference.

Example 48 [¹⁴C] Acetate Incorporation Assay

Compounds of the present invention are evaluated in a [¹⁴C] AcetateIncorporation Assay. An exemplary procedure for the assay, whichmeasures the incorporation of isotopically labeled acetate into fattyacids, follows. HepG2 cells are maintained in T-75 flasks containingDMEM supplemented with 2 mM 1-glutamine, penicillin G (100 units/mL),streptomycin 100 μg/mL with 10% FBS and incubated in a humidifiedincubator with 5% CO₂ at 37° C. Cells were fed every 2-3 days. On Day 1cells are seeded in 24 well plates at a density of 1.2×10⁵ cells/ml/wellwith the growth medium. On Day 3 the medium is replaced with freshmedium containing 10% FBS. On Day 4 the medium is replaced with 0.5 mlof fresh medium containing test compound (in DMSO; final [DMSO] is 0.5%)and the cells are incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. To one copy of plate,4 μl of [2-¹⁴C] acetate (56 mCi/mmol; 1 mCi/ml; PerkinElmer) is addedand the cells are incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 5 hrs. To a secondcopy of plate, 4 μl of cold acetate are added and the cells areincubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 5 hrs. This plate is used for proteinconcentration measurement. Medium is removed and placed in a 15 mlcentrifuge tube (BD, Falcon/352096). Cells are rinsed with 1 mL PBS,then aspirated, and the rinse and aspiration steps are repeated. 0.5 mlof 0.1N NaOH are added to each well and let sit at RT to dissolve cellmonolayer. The remaining cell suspension is pooled with medium. For theprotein determination plate, an aliquot is removed for proteindetermination (25 ul). 1.0 mL of EtOH and 0.17 mL 50% KOH are added totubes containing medium and cell suspensions. Cells are incubated at 90°C. for 1 hr, then cooled to room temperature. 5 ml petroleum ether isadded per tube, shaken vigorously, centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min,and 500 μL of the petroleum ether layer is transferred to tubes forMicrobeta reading, then 2 ml Aquasol-2 are added to each tube, and thetubes are shaken and counted with a Microbeta Liquid ScintillationCounter (Perkin Elmer).

The remaining petroleum ether layer is discarded and the aqueous phasereserved for fatty acid extractions. The aqueous phase was acidifiedwith 1 ml of concentrated HCl, checking pH of one or two extracts tomake sure pH was below 1.5 ml of petroleum ether is added per tube,shaken vigorously, centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min, and 4 ml of thepetroleum ether layer is transferred to a new glass tube (10*18 mm). 5ml of petroleum ether was added per tube, shaken vigorously, centrifugedat 1000 rpm for 5 min, and 5 ml of the petroleum ether layer istransferred to the glass tube, and the extraction repeated again. Thepetroleum ether extracts are pooled and evaporated to dryness overnight.On Day 5 the residue from the petroleum ether fractions is resuspendedin 120 μL of chloroform-hexane (1:1) containing 200 g of linoleic acidas a carrier. 5 μL of this is spotted onto silica gel sheets, and theplates are developed using heptane-diethyl ether-acetic acid (90:30:1)as eluent. The fatty acid band is visualized with iodine vapor and thecorresponding bands are cut out into scintillation vials. 2 ml ofAquasol-2 is added to each vial, and the vials are shaken and counted ona scintillation counter.

Example 49

Compounds of the present invention were evaluated in an Anti-FungalActivity Assay. An exemplary procedure for the assay, which measures thesusceptibility of various Candida species to anti-fungal compounds,follows. Compounds to be tested (including fluconazole and amphotericinB) were dissolved in DMSO to obtain a solution having a concentration of1 mg/mL. These stock solutions were sterile filtered using a 0.22 umnylon syringe filter, then diluted in sterile water to achieve a finalconcentration of 128 μg/mL.

All species were grown from frozen stock by directly plating on tofreshly prepared Sabouraud Dextrose agar (BD, Difco) and incubatedovernight in ambient air at 35° C. for 24 h. A direct suspension wasprepared in RPMI 1640+MOPS (Lonza, Biowhittaker) by taking individualcolonies from the overnight cultures using sterile swabs soaked insterile saline. The concentration of the suspension was determined usingpre-determined standard curves. These suspensions were then diluted downto 5×10³ CFU/mL to achieve a final concentration of 2.5×10³ CFU/mL onceadded to the microtiter plate as per CLSI guidelines (M27-A3, Vol. 28No. 14).

Broth microtiter MIC challenge plates were prepared following CLSIguidelines (M27-A3, Vol. 28 No. 14). The original CLSI guidelinesfocused on reading Candida MICs after 48 h of incubation. As readingafter only 24 h offers a clear advantage of patient care, QC limits arebeing established for all drugs at 24 h. That being said there are noknown interpretive breakpoints for amphotericin B at 24 h and thecurrent fluconazole interpretive breakpoints are based on a 48 hreading. The MIC for the test compounds were recorded at 48 h. All MICdeterminations were achieved by visually comparing the growth found inthe antibiotic challenged wells to that of the growth control. The firstwell found in the dilution scheme that showed no growth (or completeinhibition) was recorded as the MIC.

The results of the Anti-Fungal Activity Assay are shown in Table 3a.Compounds having an activity designated as “AA” provided an MIC of0.08-0.24 μg/mL; “A” provided an MIC of 0.25-1.0 μg/mL; compounds havingan activity designated as “B” provided an MIC of 1.1-2.0 μg/mL;compounds having an activity designated as “C” provided an MIC of2.1-4.0 μg/mL; and compounds having an activity designated as “D”provided an MIC of >4.1 μg/mL.

TABLE 3a Exemplary Anti-Fungal (Candida) Activity Assay Results CandidaSpecies (MIC, μg/mL, 3 replicates) Compound C. albicans C. krusei C.parapsilosis Number ATCC 90028 ATCC 6258 ATCC 22019 I-1 A A B I-2 A A AI-3 A A A I-4 C C D I-5 D D D I-6 C C D I-7 C C C I-8 B A B I-9 B C CI-10 D D D I-11 C C C I-12 D C D I-13 D D D I-14 D D D I-15 A A A I-16 DD D I-17 D D D I-18 B A C

Additional results of the Anti-Fungal Activity Assay are shown in Table3b. Compounds having an activity designated as “AA” provided an MIC of0.08-0.24 μg/mL; “A” provided an MIC of 0.25-1.0 μg/mL; compounds havingan activity designated as “B” provided an MIC of 1.1-2.0 μg/mL;compounds having an activity designated as “C” provided an MIC of2.1-4.0 μg/mL; and compounds having an activity designated as “D”provided an MIC of >4.1 μg/mL.

TABLE 3b Exemplary Anti-Fungal (Candida) Activity Assay Results CandidaSpecies (MIC, μg/mL, 3 replicates) Compound C. albicans C. krusei C.parapsilosis Number ATCC 90028 ATCC 6258 ATCC 22019 I-1 A C C I-2 A A AI-3 A C A I-4 C C C I-5 D C C I-6 C C C I-7 C C C I-8 B C C I-9 B C CI-10 C C C I-11 C C B I-12 C C A I-13 C C C I-14 C C B I-15 A A C I-16 CC A I-17 C C B I-18 B A B I-19 A A C I-20 C B C I-21 B C C I-22 C C AI-23 C A D I-24 C C A I-25 C B C I-26 C A D I-27 C A C I-28 C A C I-29 BC C I-30 B A A I-31 A A B I-32 C A D I-33 A C C I-34 A C C I-35 A C AI-36 A C C I-37 A C C I-38 A D C I-39 C A C I-40 C C A I-41 C C C I-42 CC C I-43 C C C I-44 C C C

Compounds of the present invention were evaluated in a growth inhibitionassay to determine the ability to control the growth of fungalpathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea (Bc), Collectotrichum graminicola(Cg), Diplodia maydis (Dm), Fusarium moniliforme (Fm), Fusariumvirguliforme (Fv), Phytophthora capsici (Pc), Rhizoctonia solani (Rs),and Septoria tritici (St).

Compounds to be tested were dissolved in DMSO at 2.5 mg/ml to producecompound stock solutions (“stocks”). Stocks were diluted with DMSO by afive-fold dilution in a 96-well stock plate, and two sets of finalconcentrations of 50, 10, and 2 ppm or 2, 0.4, and 0.08 ppm wereobtained in vitro. A set of positive controls was also prepared, withvarious concentrations of Soraphen (2, 0.4, and 0.08 ppm), Metalaxyl(1.1, 0.22, and 0.04 ppm), and Metconazole (2, 0.4, and 0.08 ppm or 0.2,0.04, and 0.008 ppm) after the five-fold dilutions. Negative controls oneach plate included 2% DMSO, water, and a blank (media+2% DMSO).

Fungal spores were isolated from previously sub-cultured plates ofBotrytis cinerea (Bc), Collectotrichum graminicola (Cg), Diplodia maydis(Dm), Fusarium moniliforme (Fm), Fusarium virguliforme (Fv),Phytophthora capsici (Pc), and Septoria tritici (St). The isolatedspores were diluted to individual concentrations with a 17% V8 liquidmedia. For Rhizoctonia solani (Rs) and Pythium irregulare, 1.5 mmmycelial plugs were used in place of spores and ¼ Potato Dextrose Broth(PDB) was used for dilution. The spore concentrations and plug sizeswere based on growth curves generated at 48 hours for each pathogen.

In a second 96-well plate, the spores or mycelial plugs, media, dilutedcompound solutions, and controls were combined. Once the compound wasadded, a true final concentration of compound in each well was measuredby an OD600 reading, which adjusted for any compound precipitation thatmight have occurred in the well. Plate readings were repeated at both 24and 48 hours. The blank negative control was used as a backgroundsubtraction. Additional visual ratings were performed at both 24 and 48hours for checking on precipitation and confirming efficacy. Visual andOD600 ratings of the compounds at 48 hours were compared to the 2% DMSOnegative control, and the percent of pathogen growth inhibition wasdetermined based on those values.

The results of the growth inhibition assay are shown in Table 4a and 4b.Compounds having an activity designated as “AA” provided a compoundconcentration of 0.08 ppm at 90% inhibition of fungal pathogens;compounds having an activity designated as “A” provided a compoundconcentration of 0.4 ppm at 90% inhibition of fungal pathogens;compounds having an activity designated as “B” provided a compoundconcentration of 2.0 ppm at 90% inhibition of fungal pathogens;compounds having an activity designated as “C” provided a compoundconcentration of 10.0 ppm at 90% inhibition of fungal pathogens; andcompounds having an activity designated as “D” provided a compoundconcentrating of ≧50 ppm at 90% inhibition of fungal pathogens.

TABLE 4a Exemplary Anti-Fungal Activity Assay Results CompoundConcentration at 90% Inhibition Number Bc Cg Dm Fm Fv Pc Rs St I-1 NA NANA D NA NA NA NA I-2 A A B A A D B D I-3 B A B AA A D A D I-4 B D D A BD D D I-5 A D B A D D D D I-6 A A A AA A D A C I-7 A A A AA A D AA C I-8A B B AA B D D D I-9 A B A AA A D D D I-10 D D D D D D D D I-11 B B B AAA D D D I-12 B A B A B D A D I-13 B B D A B D D D I-14 B D D A D D D DI-15 A AA AA AA A D AA D I-16 B B B AA B D A D I-17 D D D B D D B D I-18B A A AA B D AA D I-19 A B B AA AA D A D Bc = Botrtyis cinerea; Cg =Collectotrichum graminicola; Dm = Diplodia maydis; Fm = Fusariummoniliforme; Fv = Fusarium virguliforme; Pc = Phytophthora capsici; Rs =Rhizoctonia solani; St = Septoria

TABLE 4b Exemplary Anti-Fungal Activity Assay Results CompoundConcentration at 90% Inhibition Number Bc Cg Dm Fm Fv Pc Rs St I-1 NA NANA D NA NA NA NA I-2 A A B A A D A C I-3 B A B AA A D A D I-4 B C C A BD D D I-5 A C B A C D D D I-6 A A A AA A D A B I-7 A A A AA A D AA B I-8A B B AA B D C D I-9 A B A AA A D C D I-10 D D D C D D D D I-11 B B B AAA D C D I-12 B A B A B D A D I-13 B B C A B D C D I-14 B D D A C D C DI-15 A AA AA AA A C AA C I-16 B B B AA B D A D I-17 C D D B D D B D I-18B A A AA B D AA D I-19 A B B AA AA D A D I-20 B C C A C D D D I-21 A A AAA A C AA D I-22 B C D B B D AA D I-23 C D C B D D C D I-24 B B B AA B DAA D I-25 D D D C D D A D I-26 C D D C D D B D I-27 B B B AA A D B DI-28 B C C A A D AA C I-29 B A A AA B D AA C I-30 NA NA NA NA NA NA NANA I-31 A A A AA A B B C I-32 B B B AA B D B C I-33 A B B AA A D A CI-34 A AA A AA A C AA B I-35 A AA A AA A D AA C I-36 B A B A B D A DI-37 A A A AA A D B D I-38 A B B AA B D B D I-39 C D D B B D AA D I-40 BC C B B D D D I-41 C C D B D D D D I-42 A B B AA A D B D I-43 B C C AA AD B D I-44 C D D D C D D D I-45 C D D B B D D D

Results of the Anti-Fungal (Candida) activity assay indicate that manycompounds of the invention inhibit each of C. albicans, C. krusei, andC. parapsilosis at a concentration of less than 2 μg/mL, and somecompounds inhibit each of those organisms at a concentration of lessthan 1 μg/mL. Additionally, results indicate that compounds of theinvention potently inhibit a wide variety of other fungal organisms ofagricultural significance.

Example 50

Compounds of the invention are also assayed in a Cancer Cell ViabilityAssay as described by Beckers et al. “Chemical Inhibition of Acetyl-CoACarboxylase Induces Growth Arrest and Cytotoxicity Selectively in CancerCells” Cancer Res. (2007) 67, 8180-8187. An exemplary procedure for theassay, which measures the percentage of cancer cells surviving followingadministration of inhibitor compounds, follows.

LNCaP (prostate cancer cell line) cells plated at 4×10⁵ per 6 cm dishare incubated at 37° C., and the following day they are treated withincreasing concentrations of inhibitor compounds and incubated. Viablecells and the percentage of dead cells is counted and calculated everyday for 5 days from day 0, using trypan blue staining.

Example 51

Compounds of the present invention are also assayed in an In Vivo FattyAcid Synthesis Study as described by Harwood et al.“Isozyme-nonselective N-Substituted Bipiperidylcarboxamide Acetyl-CoACarboxylase Inhibitors Reduce Tissue Malonyl-CoA Concentrations, InhibitFatty Acid Synthesis, and Increase Fatty Acid Oxidation in CulturedCells and in Experimental Animals” Journal of Biological Chemistry(2008) 278, 37099-37111. An exemplary procedure for the assay, whichmeasures the amount of radioactive [C¹⁴]-acetate incorporated into ratliver tissue, follows.

Animals given food ad water ad libitum are treated orally at a volume of1.0 mL/200 g body weight (rat) with either an aqueous solutioncontaining 0.5% methylcellulose (vehicle), or an aqueous solutioncontaining 0.5% methylcellulose plus test compound. One to four hoursafter compound administration, animals receive an intraperitonealinjection of 0.5 mL of [C¹⁴]-acetate (64 uCi/mL; 56 uCi/mL). One hourafter radiolabeled acetate administration, animals are sacrificed by CO₂asphyxiation and two 0.75 g liver pieces are removed and saponified at70 degrees C. for 120 minutes in 1.5 mL of 2.5M NaOH. Aftersaponification, 2.5 mL of absolute ethanol are added to each sample andthe solutions are mixed and allowed to stand overnight. Petroleum ether(4.8 mL) is then added to each sample, and the mixtures are first shakenvigorously for 2 minutes and then centrifuged at 1000×g in a benchtopSorvall for 5 minutes. The resultant petroleum ether layers, whichcontain non-saponifiable lipids, are removed and discarded. Theremaining aqueous layer is acidified to pH <2 by the addition of 12M HCland extracted two times with 4.8 mL of petroleum ether. The pooledorganic fractions are transferred to liquid scintillation vials, driedunder nitrogen, dissolved in 7 mL of Aquasol liquid scintillation fluid,and assessed for radioactivity using a Beckman 6500 liquid scintillationcounter. Results are recorded as disintigrations per minute (DPM) permilligram of tissue.

Example 52

Compounds of the present invention are also assayed in a RespiratoryQuotient Measurement Assay, as described by Harwood et al.“Isozyme-nonselective N-Substituted Bipiperidylcarboxamide Acetyl-CoACarboxylase Inhibitors Reduce Tissue Malonyl-CoA Concentrations, InhibitFatty Acid Synthesis, and Increase Fatty Acid Oxidation in CulturedCells and in Experimental Animals” Journal of Biological Chemistry(2008) 278, 37099-37111. An exemplary procedure for the assay, whichmeasures the ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption inrats, follows.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (350-400 g) housed under standard laboratoryconditions, either fed chow, fasted, or fasted and refed a diet high insucrose for 2 days prior to experimentation are removed from their homecages, weighed, and placed into sealed chambers (43″43″10 cm) of thecalorimeter (one rat per chamber). The chambers are placed in activitymonitors. The calorimeter is calibrated before each use, air flow rateis adjusted to 1.6 liters/min, and the system settling and samplingtimes are set to 60 and 15 s, respectively. Base-line oxygenconsumption, CO₂ production, and ambulatory activity are measured every10 min for up to 3 h before treatment. After collecting base-line data,the chambers are opened and rats are given a 1.0-ml oral bolus of eitheran aqueous 0.5% methylcellulose solution (vehicle control) or an aqueous0.5% methylcellulose solution containing test compound and then returnedto the Oxymax chambers. Measurements are made every 30 min for anadditional 3-6 h after dose. Fed vehicle controls are used to assesseffects produced by vehicle administration and by drift in the RQmeasurement during the course of the experimentation (if any).Overnight-fasted, vehicle-treated controls are used to determine maximalpotential RQ reduction. Results are plotted as their absolute RQ value(±SEM) over time.

Example 53

Compounds of the present invention are also assayed in a propidiumiodide (PI) cell death assay, based on the procedure described by vanEngeland et al. “A novel assay to measure loss of plasma membraneasymmetry during apoptosis of adherent cells in culture” Cytometry(1996) 24 (2), 131-139. An exemplary procedure for the assay, whichmeasures the number of intact mitotic cells following drug applicationfollows.

Hepatocellular carcinoma cells (such as HepG2 or Hep3B) are seeded in a24-well plate at a density of 1.106/ml in 0.5 ml of culture medium, andincubated for 3 hours to allow time for cells to adhere. Cells aretreated with experimental compounds, 1 uM doxorubicin (1,2) or vehicle(DMSO) control for 120 hours after treatment: a. First culturesupernatant is removed into 2 mL polypropylene tube and place on ice; b.Then wells are washed with 0.5 mL PBS, transferring the wash volume tothe 2 mL tube containing culture supernatant (floating cells). The cellsare kept on ice. Harvesting is accomplished by adding into the wells 200μL of accutase for 5 min. The accutase is then inactivated with 300 μLmedia. The misture is pipetted up and down and the trypsinized cells aretransferred from the well into the 2 mL tube with the floating cells(total volume: 1.5 mL). The cells are kept on ice. The cells are spun at0.6 rcf for 10 min at 4 degrees C. Following centrifugation the mediumis aspirated, and the cells are resuspended in 500 μL of media byvortexing in pulses for about 15 seconds. The cells are kept on ice.

For cell counting: 20 μL of cells are added to a plate after vortexingin pulses for 15 s, and the plate was kept on ice. Then 20 μL trypanblue is added immediately before counting. Cells are counted with a TC10Biorad cell counter. The cells are spun at 0.6 rcf for 10 min at 4degrees C. The medium is aspirated carefully and the cells areresuspended in 500 μL of annexin binding buffer 1× by vortexing. Thecell suspension is transferred to a 5 ml FACS tube then 5 μl ofPropidium Iodide are added. The cells are gently mixed and incubated for15 min at room temperature in the dark.

For the flow cytometric analysis, unstained/untreated samples are usedat each time point as a negative control, and doxorubicin treatedsamples are used at each time point as a positive control. A FACScanflow cytometer is used, and FL2-A histograms are analyzed with FlowJosoftware.

Example 54

Compounds of the present invention are also assayed in high fat dietinduced obesity (DIO) studies. A representative protocol for the assayfollows.

The compounds of the present invention are readily adapted to clinicaluse as anti-obesity agents, insulin sensitizing agents,hyperinsulinemia-reversing agents, and hepatic steatosis-reversingagents. Such activity was determined by assessing the amount of testcompound that reduces body weight and percentage body fat, reducesplasma insulin levels, blunts the rise and/or accelerates the reductionin plasma insulin and glucose levels in response to an oral glucosechallenge, and reduces hepatic lipid content relative to a controlvehicle without test compound in mammals. Sprague Dawley rats were fedeither chow, a diet high in sucrose (for example AIN76A rodent diet;Research diets Inc. Cat #10001) or a diet high in fat (for exampleResearch diets Inc. Cat #12451), for from 3-8 weeks prior to and duringtest compound administration.

The anti-obesity, insulin sensitizing, hyperinsulinemia-reversing, andhepatic steatosis-reversing potential of compounds of the presentinvention is demonstrated by evaluating modifications to a variety ofparameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism using methods based onstandard procedures known to those skilled in the art. For example,after a 3-8 week period of ad libitum feeding of either a chow,high-fat, or high-sucrose diet, animals that continued to receive thediet are treated for 1-8 weeks with test compound administered either byoral gavage in water or saline or water or saline containing 0.5%methylcelulose using a Q.D., B.I.D, or T.I.D. dosing regimen. At varioustimes during study and at sacrifice (by CO₂ asphyxiation), blood iscollected either from the tail vein of an unanesthesized rat or from thevena cava of animals at sacrifice into heparin or EDTA containing tubesfor centrifugal separation to prepare plasma. Plasma levels ofparameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism known by those skilledin the art to be altered coincident with anti-obesity, insulinsensitizing, hyperinsulinemia-reversing, and hepatic steatosis-reversingactions, including but not limited to cholesterol and triglycerides,glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, ketone bodies, free fatty acids,and glycerol, are measured using methods known to those skilled in theart.

The anti-obesity potential of compounds of the present invention canalso be demonstrated by evaluating their potential to produce areduction in body weight, a reduction in percentage body fat (measuredby for example dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) analysis), and areduction in plasma leptin levels. The anti-obesity and hepaticsteatosis-reversing potential of compounds of the present invention canalso be demonstrated by evaluating their potential to reduce theconcentration of triglycerides in the liver, using extraction andquantitation procedures known to those skilled in the art. The insulinsensitizing and hyperinsulinemia-reversing potential of compounds of thepresent invention can also be demonstrated by evaluating their potentialto blunt the rise and/or accelerate the reduction in plasma insulin andglucose levels in response to an oral glucose challenge, usingprocedures known to those skilled in the art.

While we have described a number of embodiments of this invention, it isapparent that our basic examples may be altered to provide otherembodiments that utilize the compounds and methods of this invention.Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is tobe defined by the appended claims rather than by the specificembodiments that have been represented by way of example.

1. A compound of formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X is —O—, —S—, or —NR—; R¹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ aliphatic optionally substituted with 1-4 groups independently selected from halogen, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —S(O)R, or —S(O)₂R; R² is R^(a); each R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ is independently oxo, halogen, —CN, —R^(a), —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —OC(O)R, —S(O)R, or —S(O)₂R; each R is independently hydrogen, or R^(a); each R^(a) is independently an optionally substituted group selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic aromatic carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; L¹ is a covalent bond, a 1-6 membered straight or branched bivalent hydrocarbon chain, cyclopropylenyl, cyclobutylenyl, or oxetanylenyl; L² is a covalent bond or a 1-6 membered straight or branched bivalent hydrocarbon chain, wherein L² is substituted by n instances of R⁹; R³ is —OR, —C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)OR, —OC(O)N(R)₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, or —C(O)Hy; Hy is a 3-8 membered saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaromatic ring having 1-5 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein Hy is substituted by p instances of R⁶; R⁴ is selected from a 3-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein R⁴ is substituted by q instances of R⁷; each R⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₄ aliphatic, a 3-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, a 4-8 membered monocyclic saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic aryl ring, a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, wherein each R⁵ is substituted with r instances of R⁸; each R⁹ is independently oxo or —OR⁵; n is 0, 1, or 2; p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and r is 0, 1, 2, 3, or
 4. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is —S—.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is methyl.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is ethyl.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein L¹ is —CH₂—, —C(CH₃)₂—, or —CH(CH₃)—.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein L² is —CH₂C(O)—, or —CH₂CH(OR⁵)—.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein L²(R⁹)_(n), taken together is:

wherein # is the point of attachment to R⁴.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R³ is —C(O)NHR^(a) or —C(O)N(R^(a))₂.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein R³ is —C(O)Hy.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R³ is


11. The compound of claim 1, wherein -L¹-R³, taken together, is:


12. The compound of claim 1, L¹-R³, taken together, is:


13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is:


14. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁴(R⁷)_(q), taken together, is:


15. A compound of formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or agriculturally acceptable salt thereof.
 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is provided as an agriculturally acceptable salt.
 18. A composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.
 19. A method of inhibiting ACC in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient the composition according to claim
 18. 20. A method of inhibiting ACC in a biological sample, comprising contacting the biological sample with the compound according to claim
 1. 21. A method of treating a fungal, parasitic, or bacterial infection in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient the composition according to claim
 18. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the infection is a fungal infection.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the fungal infection is an infection by one or more of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, or Candida parapsilosis.
 24. A composition for agriculture use comprising a compound according to claim 1 and an agriculturally acceptable carrier, optionally comprising an adjuvant, optionally comprising one or more additional pesticides, and optionally comprising one or more biological control agents, microbial extracts, natural products, plant growth activators or plant defense agents or mixtures thereof.
 25. A method of controlling agricultural fungal pathogens, the method comprising administering a composition of claim 24 to a plant, a seed or soil.
 26. A method of inhibiting ACC in a plant, comprising contacting the plant with the compound according to claim
 1. 